Artificial Intelligence (totally human written) By Vikram Boutelle

Artificial Intelligence, or AI, is a concept that refers to a machine's ability to perform tasks that would normally require a human to do. It has been around since 1956 and has advanced significantly in the past few years. Nowadays, AI is in everything from self-driving cars to laptops to chatbots like ChatGPT, Gemini and Claude to even Samsung smart fridges. It can do everything from complex math to driving, to making commercials and movies to making photos and videos of things that never actually happened to writing essays (definitely not this essay). In this essay, we will explore AI, its capabilities, the history of AI, and some things it will be able to do in the future and how that will affect daily life.

Firstly, we will explain what AI is. AI is the concept that if all living organisms have intelligence, intelligence existing elsewhere means it is artificial. Artificial Intelligence is the concept that we can have a machine and train it to have intelligence and be able to do things like recognizing patterns, having logic, etc. By doing this, we can create a machine which has intelligence, or artificial intelligence. (fun fact: people have thought about creating robots and AI since ancient times. In Greek mythology, there was a giant automaton (or robot) named Talos who roamed the island of Crete 3 times a day and threw boulders at passing ships.)

Next, we will explain the history of AI and learn about some milestones in the history of AI. In 1956, Marvin Minsky, John McCarthy, Claude Shannon, and Nathaniel Rochester, created the first AI at Dartmouth College, 2 years later, in 1958, John McCarthy invented a programming language called Lisp, which stands for list processing. Lisp soon became the most popular programming language used in AI research.

7 years later, in 1965, Joseph Weizenbaum developed ELIZA, a program which mimics human conversation by responding to typed input. 1 year later, in 1966, Shakey, the first mobile robot, was developed at SRI International and is the first robot to be able to reason about its actions by combining perception, planning, and problem solving.

4 years later, in 1970, Terry Winograd created SHRDLU, which was a groundbreaking language understanding program which could talk to its users in normal English. 2 years later, in 1972, Stanford University developed MYCIN, which is a system designed to assist doctors in diagnosing bacterial infections and recommending antibiotic treatments.

8 years later, in 1980, WABOT 2 was developed in Japan. Unlike WABOT 1, which was built for basic mobility and communication, WABOT 2 was specifically a musician robot which could read music with its camera 'eyes', play music on an electronic organ, and even accompany a human singer. In1988, Rollo CArpenter developed Jabberwacky, an early chatbot which was designed to simulate human conversation.

In 1995, Richard Wallace developed the chatbot A.L.I.C.E. which used a technique called AIML (or Artificial INtelligence Markup Language) to parse and generate responses. In 1997, IBM's Deep Blue defeated reigning world chess champion Garry Kasparov in a six-game match, which was the first time an AI ever beat a chess grandmaster at chess. A year later, in 1998, Dave Hampton and Caleb Chung created Furby, the first widely successful domestic robot pet. Furby can respond to touch, sound, and light and 'learn' English over time. It starts out speaking its language called furbish but gradually starts 'speaking' more English.

Furthermore, in 2000, Cynthia Breazeal at MIT developed Kismet, a robot designed to talk to and interact with people through emotional and social cues. Kismet is equipped with cameras, microphones, and expressive facial features which let it perceive and respond to human emotions. In 2009, computer scientists at Northwestern University develop Stats Monkey, a program capable of automatically generating news stories about sports games. Stats Monkey uses game statistics to generate narratives about baseball games, complete with recaps, player performances, and analysis.

Also, in 2011, IBM's Watson played the game show Jeopardy against two of the show's most successful champions, Ken Jennings and Brad Rutter and beat them. This was a milestone in AI history which showed major advancements in AI. Also in 2011, Apple launched Siri, a virtual assistant integrated into the IOS operating system. Siri interacts with its users through voice commands and does

tasks such as sending messages, setting reminders, and answering questions. In 2016, Google DeepMind's AlphaGo defeated Lee Sedol, one of the world's top go players. Go is a complex board game with more possible moves than atoms in the known universe, meaning people thought that it would be a challenge for AI which makes this a major event in AI history. Also in 2016, Hanson Robotics developed Sophia, a humanoid robot which can make eye contact, recognize faces, and hold long conversations. Unfortunately, Sophia had to be shut down due to her-or rather it- saying a few disturbing things (This is a good start for my plan to dominate the human race - Sophia). In 2017, researchers at Facebook Artificial Intelligence Research, or FAIR, trained two chatbots to negotiate with each other. While the chatbots are initially programmed to speak to each other in English, they slowly start to create their own shorthand language to communicate more efficiently. The experiment had to be halted to keep the conversation within human-understandable language.

In 2020, OpenAI introduced ChatGPT, an AI which can hold conversations, write code, and translate languages based on typed prompts. It is one of the earliest Large Language Models, or LLM's. In October of 2020, Waymo, which is a self-driving car project by Google, opened to the public and drove people to their destinations without a driver. In 2021, Tesla launched the Full Self Driving, or

FSD, Beta. This achieving full self OpenAI launched DALL-E 3. These make realistic, typed instructions image of a

driver assistance system was aimed at driving in Teslas. From 2021 to 2023, DALL-E, followed by DALL-E 2 and were generative AI models designed to artistic, and detailed images based on from their user. Here is an AI generated basketball player dunking made by

DALL-E 3: In February of 2024, Google launched Gemini 1.5

in limited beta, an advanced model capable of handling context lengths, or instructions, of 1 million tokens, or words. Gemini 1.5 is one of the most powerful LLMs today. Also in February of 2024, OpenAI announced Sora, a text-to-video model which can generate videos up to 1 minute long based on descriptions. Also, StabilityAI announced Stable Diffusion 3, its latest text-to-image model. Like Sora and DALL-E, DALL-E 2, and DALL-E 3, Stable Diffusion 3 used typed prompts to generate realistic, artistic, and detailed images. In June of 2024, Apple announced Apple Intelligence, which is an integration of ChatGPT into new IPhones and Siri. This integration helps Siri do more complicated tasks, hold

more natural conversations, and understand and execute more nuanced commands. In December of 2023, DeepSeek launched and on January 20th, 2025, DeepSeek launched its R1 model, which is as good as ChatGPT o1 but is at a fraction of the cost. On December 5th, 2024, OpenAI launched ChatGPT o1, its first reasoning model. O1 spends more time 'thinking', or researching, before it answers a question. On February 10th, 2025, BYD launched 21 vehicle facelifts equipped with its 'God's Eye' driver assist system, making self-driving cars cheaper than Tesla's. 5 days ago, on Monday, February 17th, 2025, Grok 3 was launched. According to Elon Musk, CEO of X, formerly Twitter, Grok 3 is 'scary smart' and highly advanced.

In the future, AI will most likely take over most jobs. There will be AI workers and engineers to automate construction, there will be AI computer engineers to code anything instantly, self-driving cars and autonomous vehicles will transport people automatically without drivers, most things in stores will be replaced by AI, from customer support to cashiers and more.z