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Aprende todo sobre Python

Aprende todo sobre Python

@ProfGastonPerez
@ProfGastonPerez
1 Follower
2 weeks ago 42
Category: Education | Tags: #DatabaseAccess #TechResources #PythonProgramming #AdvancedCoding #CareerGrowth

Adéntrate en el emocionante mundo de la programación y transforma tu carrera con nuestra guía integral. Desde técnicas avanzadas en Python hasta trabajo con bases de datos, este recurso es imprescindible para quienes buscan destacar en el campo tecnológico. Conoce herramientas, métodos y secretos que te ayudarán a convertirte en el programador que siempre has querido ser.

Aprende todo sobre Python

@ProfGastonPerez2 weeks ago

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Descubre como llevar tu carrera de programación al siguiente nivel y conviértete en ese programa…
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Tabla de contenido Acerca de 1 Capítulo1:Empezando conPython Language 2 Observaciones 2 Versi…
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IDLE - GUI de Python 14 Solución de problemas 14 Tipos de datos 15 Tipos incorporados 15 Bo…
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Tiposdedatosmutableseinmutables 19 Construido en módulos y funciones 20 Sangría de bloque 24 …
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Accediendo a la base de datos MySQL usando MySQLdb 44 SQLite 45 La sintaxis de SQLite: un anális…
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Observaciones 62 Examples 62 Ejemplo 1 62 Ejemplo 2 63 Ejemplo 3 64 Ejemplo 4 65 Capítulo 7:…
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Usa un dictado de funciones. 78 Usa la introspección de clase. 78 Usando un administrador de con…
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Observaciones 94 Examples 94 Creación de una clase de pila con un objeto de lista 94 Paréntesis…
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Introducción 109 Parámetros 109 Examples 109 Introducción básica a las matrices 109 Accede …
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Examples 118 Llamando Comandos Externos 118 Más flexibilidad con Popen 119 Lanzarunsubproceso …
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La Declaración de Pase 133 Iterando diferentes partes de una lista con diferentes tamaños de paso …
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Examples 148 Configuración de la metaclase ABCMeta 148 Por qué / Cómo usar ABCMeta y @abstractme…
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Mayor o menor que 163 No igual a 164 Igual a 164 Comparaciones de cadena 165 Estilo 165 Ef…
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Capítulo 35: Concurrencia de Python 179 Observaciones 179 Examples 179 El módulo de enhebrado. …
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Introducción 193 Sintaxis 193 Observaciones 193 Examples 193 Uso básico 193 Creando progra…
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Examples 204 Realizando una copia superficial 204 Realizando una copia profunda 204 Realizando…
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Ejecutando una aplicación web de Flask como un servicio 215 Capítulo 46: Crear entorno virtual co…
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Como una clase 230 Decorador con argumentos (decorador de fábrica). 230 Funciones de decorador …
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Descriptor simple 244 Conversiones bidireccionales 245 Capítulo 55: Despliegue 247 Examples 24…
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Capítulo57:DiferenciaentreMóduloyPaquete 259 Observaciones 259 Examples 259 Módulos 259 Paq…
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Refiriéndose a la última expresión. 271 Abriendo la consola de Python 272 La variable PYTHONSTAR…
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Introducción 286 Examples 286 Lee y escribe archivos zip de GNU 286 Capítulo67:Enchufes 287 …
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Uso 299 Directorios de proyectos 299 Descubrir qué entorno virtual está utilizando 300 Especi…
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Lista de multiplicación y referencias comunes. 316 Identidad entera y de cadena 320 Accediendo …
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Capítulo77:Excepciones 340 Introducción 340 Sintaxis 340 Examples 340 Levantando excepcione…
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TypeError:[definición /método]toma? argumentos posicionales pero? se le dio 352 Ejemplo 352 Typ…
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Raíces: raíz nth con exponentes fraccionarios 367 Cálculo de grandes raíces enteras 367 Capítulo…
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Capítulo 83: Fecha yhora 383 Observaciones 383 Examples 383 Análisis de una cadena en un objeto…
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Examples 396 Conceptos básicos de formato de cadena 396 Alineación y relleno. 398 Formato lite…
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Parámetros 413 Observaciones 413 Recursos adicionales 414 Examples 414 Definiendo y llamando…
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Sintaxis 433 Parámetros 433 Observaciones 433 Examples 433 Elevar el poder 433 Capítulo90:…
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Gestores de contexto multiples 450 Gestionar recursos 450 Capítulo92:Gráficosdetortuga 452 Exa…
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Examples 463 Ejemplo simple 463 Capítulo 98: Implementaciones no oficiales de Python 464 Examp…
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Python 2 475 Python 3 475 Capítulo100:IncompatibilidadesquesemuevendePython2aPython3 477 Intr…
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La función round () rompe el empate y devuelve el tipo 503 rotura de corbata redonda () 503 roun…
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Iterando sobre todo iterable 520 Verificar solo un elemento en iterable. 521 Extraer valores uno…
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Variables de clase e instancia 536 Métodos enlazados, no enlazados y estáticos. 537 Clases de es…
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Examples 582 Todos y cada uno 565 Eliminar valores duplicados en la lista 566 Acceso a valores …
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Examples 604 Lista de Comprensiones 582 más 583 Dobleiteración 584 Mutación in situ y otros efe…
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Abriendo y leyendo usando un ElementTree 604 Modificar un archivo XML 604 Crear y construir docu…
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Singletons utilizando metaclases 619 Usando una metaclase 620 Sintaxisdemetaclase 620 Compatibi…
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Prueba los caracteres iniciales y finales de una cadena. 632 str.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]…
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Capítulo126:Mixins 646 Sintaxis 646 Observaciones 646 Examples 646 Mezclar 646 Métodos de…
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Usando UVLoop 659 Primitiva de sincronización: Evento 659 Concepto 659 Ejemplo 660 Un simple…
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Logaritmos 676 Copiando carteles 677 Trigonometría 677 Cálculo de la longitud de la hipotenusa…
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Toma una rebanada de un generador 694 itertools.product 695 itertools.count 695 itertools.take…
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Deshacersedelosespaciosenblancoparaobtener unasalidacompacta 707 JSON que codifica objetos persona…
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Mutable vs inmutable 722 Inmutables 722 Ejercicio 723 Mutables 723 Ejercicio 724 Mutables …
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Un simple ejemplo 736 Capítulo148:OperadoresdeBitwise 737 Introducción 737 Sintaxis 737 Exam…
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Introducción 753 Sintaxis 753 Examples 753 Unir caminos 753 Camino Absoluto desde el Camino …
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Parámetros 768 Examples 768 Persistencia Python 768 Función de utilidad para guardar y cargar.…
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Empezando 784 Instalación utilizando pip 784 Uso básico 784 Capítulo160:Precedenciadeloperador…
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Pruebas de falla 799 Introducción a los accesorios de prueba 799 Py.test accesorios para el resc…
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Usando Pyinstaller 813 Agrupar en una carpeta 813 Ventajas: 813 Desventajas 814 Agrupar en u…
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Formulario de datos codificados 826 Subir archivo 827 Respuestas 827 Autenticación 828 Proxi…
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El qué, cómo y cuándo de la recursión 847 Exploración de árboles con recursión 851 Incrementando…
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La Solución(Parte 2) 865 Sobre esas funciones duplicadas 867 Resumen 867 Ambos métodos implem…
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Observaciones 881 Tipos pickleable 881 pickleyseguridad 881 Examples 882 Usando Pickle para …
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Manejando conductas no implementadas. 897 Sobrecarga del operador 898 Capítulo186:Socketsycifrad…
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Tipos genéricos 917 Añadiendo tipos a una función 917 Miembros de la clase y métodos 919 Vari…
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Detallessobre cómofuncionaelGIL: 928 Beneficiosde la GIL 929 Consecuencias de laGIL 929 Refere…
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Tuplas de indexación 945 Las tuplas son inmutables 946 Tuple son elementos sabios hashable y equ…
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Python 2 957 Python 3 957 POST HTTP 958 Python 2 ................ 958 Python 3 .............…
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Observaciones 976 Paquetes de Python útiles para raspado web (orden alfabético) 976 Realización …
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1 Acerca de Puedes compartir este PDF con cualquier persona que creas que podría beneficiarse. E…
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2 if something: x = 1 else: x = 'this is a string' print(x) 1 + '1' # raises an error 1 + …
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3 significativas. Python 2.x es la versión heredada, aunque sigue teniendo un uso generalizado. …
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4 $ python --version Versión Fecha de lanzamiento 2.4 2004-11-30 2.3 2003-07-29 2.2 2001-12-21…
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5 $ python --version Python 2.7.13 >>> >>> print("Hello, World") >>> print("Hello, World") …
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6 print('Hello, World') from future import print_function print 'Hello, World' $ python Python…
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7 >>> exit() >>> quit() Alternativamente,inicielasolicitudinteractivaycargueelarchivoconpython -…
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8 $ python -c 'print("Hello, World")' Hello, World Python. • https://ideone.com/ : se utiliza …
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9 <variable name> = <value> # Integer a = 2 print(a) # Output: 2 # Integer b = 92233720368…
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10 x = True # valid _y = True # valid 9x = False # starts with numeral => SyntaxError: invalid …
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11 a_name = an_object # "a_name" is now a name for the reference to the object "an_object" a, b, …
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12 a = b = c = 1 print(a, b, c) # Output: 1 1 1 x = y = [7, 8, 9] # x and y refer to the same…
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13 name = raw_input("What is your name? ") # Out: What is your name? _ name = input("What is yo…
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14 x = input("Write a number:") # Out: Write a number: 10 x / 2 #Out: TypeError: unsupported o…
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15 x or y # if x is False then y otherwise x x and y # if x is False then x otherwise y not x #…
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16 True + False == 1 # 1 + 0 == 1 True * True == 1 # 1 * 1 == 1 a = 2 b = 100 c = 123456789 d…
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17 a = reversed('hello') a = (1, 2, 3) b = ('a', 1, 'python', (1, 2)) b[2] = 'something else' #…
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18 a = None # No value will be assigned. Any valid datatype can be assigned later a = '123' prin…
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19 a = '123' b = int(a) a = '123.456' b = float(a) c = int(a) # ValueError: invalid literal fo…
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20 def f(m): m.append(3) # adds a number to the list. This is a mutation. x = [1, 2] f(x) x ==…
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21 argumento, devuelve los nombres en el alcance actual. De lo contrario, devuelve una lista alf…
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22 ' doc ', ' import ', ' name ', ' package', 'abs', 'all', 'any', 'apply', 'basestring',…
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23 >>> help(max) Help on built-in function max in module builtin : max(...) max(iterable[, key…
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24 >>> math. doc 'This module is always available. It provides access to the\nmathematical func…
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25 def my_function(): # This is a function definition. Note the colon (:) a = 2 # This line belo…
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26 int_list = [1, 2, 3] string_list = ['abc', 'defghi'] Python3nopermitemezclar elusodetabulaci…
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27 mixed_list = [1, 'abc', True, 2.34, None] nested_list = [['a', 'b', 'c'], [1, 2, 3]] names = …
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28 name.index("Alice") 0 len(names) 6 a = [1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 4] a.count(1) 3 a.reverse() […
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29 one_member_tuple = ('Only member',) one_member_tuple = 'Only member', # No brackets one_membe…
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30 if name in first_names: print(name) >>> state_capitals = { 'Arkansas': 'Little Rock', 'C…
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31 >>> state_capitals['Alabama'] 'Boston' >>> state_capitals['Arkansas'] 'Little Rock' >>> h…
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32 help(pymysql.connections) >>> help(math) >>> import math >>> help(math) $ python >>> impor…
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33 # greet.py from hello import say_hello say_hello() # greet.py import hello as ai ai.say_…
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34 s = """w'o"w""" repr(s) # Output: '\'w\\\'o"w\'' str(s) # Output: 'w\'o"w' eval(str(s)) == s…
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35 $ pip search <query> # Searches for packages whose name or summary contains <query> $ pip ins…
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36 py -m pip install -U pip python -m pip install -U pip C:\Python27\ python --version Es posi…
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37 P:\>py -3 Python 3.6.1 (v3.6.1:69c0db5, Mar 21 2017, 17:54:52) [MSC v.1900 32 bit (Intel)] on …
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38 sudo apt install build-essential checkinstall sudo apt install libreadline-gplv2-dev libncurse…
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39 def func(*args, **kwargs): print(args) print(kwargs) def func(*a, **b): print(a) print…
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40 def test(**kwargs, *args): # File "<stdin>", line 1 # def test(**kwargs, *args): # ^ # Sy…
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41 def print_kwargs(**kwargs): for key in kwargs: print("key = {0}, value = {1}".format(key, kw…
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42 def test_func(arg1, arg2, arg3): # Usual function with three arguments print("arg1: %s" % arg…
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43 def print_args(arg1, *args, keyword_required, keyword_only=True): print("first positional arg…
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44 Capítulo 3: Acceso a la base de datos Observaciones Python puede manejar muchos tipos diferen…
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45 db = Dbconnect() db.callproc('stored_procedure_name', [parameters] ) results = db.dbcursor.f…
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46 [(u'User A', 42), (u'User B', 43)] >>> import sqlite3 >>> conn = sqlite3.connect('users.db') …
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47 def dict_factory(cursor, row): d = {} fori,colinenumerate(cursor.description): d[col[0]] =…
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48 import sqlite3 conn = sqlite3.connect(":memory:") cur = conn.cursor() cur.execute("create t…
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49 import sqlite3 conn = sqlite3.connect(":memory:") cur = conn.cursor() cur.executescript(""…
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50 cur.execute('SELECT * FROM stocks ORDER BY price') i = cur.fetchone() while(i): print(i) i…
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51 import psycopg2 # Establish a connection to the database. # Replace parameter values with dat…
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52 # After creating the table as shown above, insert values into it. cur.execute("""INSERT INTO …
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53 ORACLE_HOME=<PATH_TO_INSTANTCLIENT> PATH=$ORACLE_HOME:$PATH LD_LIBRARY_PATH=<PATH_TO_INSTAN…
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54 rows = [ (1, "First" ), (2,"Second"), (3, "Third" ) ] _db_cur.bindarraysize = 3 _db_cur.set…
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55 cur = con.cursor() from sqlalchemy import create_engine from sqlalchemy.engine.url import UR…
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56 import dis def fib(n): if n <= 2: return 1 return fib(n-1) + fib(n-2) # Display the disasse…
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57 return self.randrange(a, b+1) def randint(self, a, b): """Return random integer in range [a, …
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58
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59 class Book: def init (self, title, author): self.title = title self.author = author book1…
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60 class P: def init (self,title,author): self.title = title self.setAuthor(author) def get_…
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61 >>> book = Book(title="Ancient Manuscript", author="Some Guy") >>> book.author = "" #Cos Some …
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62 s = 'AAAABBBCCDAABBB' s = 'AAAABBBCCDAABBB' s_dict = {} for i in s: if i not in s_dict.key…
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63 {'A': ['A', 'A', 'A', 'A', 'A', 'A'], 'B': ['B', 'B', 'B', 'B', 'B', 'B'], 'C': ['C', 'C'], …
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64 c = groupby(['goat', 'dog', 'cow', 1, 1, 2, 3, 11, 10, ('persons', 'man', 'woman')]) dic = {}…
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65 ['cow', 'cat', 'camel', 'dog', 'donkey', 'goat', 'mulato', 'mongoose', 'malloo', ('persons', …
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66 {'animal': [['animal', 'bear'], ['animal', 'duck']], 'plant': [['plant', 'cactus']], 'vehicl…
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67 read_x_local_fail() # UnboundLocalError: local variable 'x' referenced before assignment def r…
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68 x = 'Hi' def change_global_x(): global x x = 'Bye' print(x) change_global_x() # prints B…
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69 def counter(): num = 0 def incrementer(): num += 1 return num return incrementer def co…
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70 a = 'global' class Fred: a = 'class' # class scope b = (a for i in range(10)) # function sco…
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71 class A: a = 42 b = list(a + i for i in range(10)) x = 5 print(x) # out: 5 del x print(x…
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72 x = {'a': 1, 'b': 2} del x['a'] print(x) # out: {'b': 2} print(x['a']) # error: KeyError: 'a…
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73 foo = 1 def func(): foo = 2 # creates a new variable foo in local scope, global foo is not af…
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74 foo = 1 def f1(): bar = 1 def f2(): baz = 2 # here, foo is a global variable, baz is a loc…
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75 def f1(): def f2(): foo = 2 # a new foo local in f2 def f3(): nonlocal foo # foo from f2, w…
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76 from PIL import Image im = Image.open("Image.bmp") from future import print_function import…
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77 def switch(value): if value == 1: return "one" if value == 2: return "two" if value == …
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78 switch = { 1: lambda: 'one', 2: lambda: 'two', 42: lambda: 'the answer of life the universe …
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79 class CustomSwitcher: def case_1(self): return 'one' def case_2(self): return 'two' def c…
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80 >>> run_switch(1) one >>> run_switch(2) two >>> run_switch(3) … Exception: Not a case! …
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81 pip install virtualenv apt-get install python-virtualenv $ cd test_proj $ virtualenv test_pr…
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82 $ source test_project/bin/activate $ pip install flask Instala un paquete en tu Virtualenv S…
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83 import argparse parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() parser.add_argument('name', help='name o…
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84 if name == " main ": args= docopt( doc ) import pprint; pprint.pprint(args) from docopt imp…
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85 # cli.py import sys print(sys.argv) $ python cli.py => ['cli.py'] $ python cli.py fizz =…
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86 import argparse parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() parser.add_argument("-f", "--foo") parse…
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87 usage: example.py [-h] [--bar_this BAR_THIS] [--bar_that BAR_THAT] [--foo_this FOO_THIS] [--fo…
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88 """Run something in development or production mode. Usage: run.py --development <host> <port> …
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89 <div> <label>Name:</label> John Smith </div> from bs4 import BeautifulSoup data = """ <d…
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90 item1 item2 item3 from pyquery import PyQuery html = """ <h1>Sales</h1> <table id="tabl…
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91 try: res = get_result() res = res[0] log('got result: %r' % res) except: if not res: re…
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92 def intensive_f(value): # int -> Optional[int] # complex, and time-consuming code if process…
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93 bird_speeds = get_very_long_dictionary() try: speed = bird_speeds["european swallow"] excep…
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94 Capítulo 14: Apilar Introducción Una pila es un contenedor de objetos que se insertan y elimi…
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95 stack = Stack() print('Current stack:', stack.fullStack()) print('Stack empty?:', stack.isEm…
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96 def checkParenth(str): stack = Stack() pushChars, popChars = "<({[", ">)}]" for c in str: …
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97 Capítulo 15: Árbol de sintaxis abstracta Examples Analizar funciones en un script de python …
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98 FuncLister().visit(ast.parse(code)) def analyze(file,process): """ Read the file and process …
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99 import sys sys.getdefaultencoding() Capítulo 16: Archivos y carpetas I / O Introducción Cu…
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100 withopen('somefile.txt', 'r', encoding='UTF-8') asf: for line in f: print(line) de cualqui…
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101 with open(filename, 'r') asf: f.read() with open(filename, 'w') as f: f.write(filedata) …
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102 import os.path if os.path.isfile(fname): with open("fname", "w") as fout: # Work with your…
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103 with open('myfile.txt') as in_file: content = in_file.read() print(content) in_file = open…
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104 outfile = open('fred.txt', 'w') s = "I'm Not Dead Yet!" print s # writes to stdout print >…
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105 import errno try: with open(path) as f: # File exists except IOError as e: # Raise the e…
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106 for entry in os.scandir(path): if not entry.name.startswith('.') and entry.is_file(): print…
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107 import fileinput replacements = {'Search1': 'Replace1', 'Search2': 'Replace2'} for line in …
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108 with arcpy.da.SearchCursor(r"C:\Temp\Test.gdb\TestFC",["TestField"]) as cursor: for row in c…
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109 Capítulo 18: Arrays Introducción Las "matrices" en Python no son las matrices en lenguajes d…
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https://riptutorial.com/es/home 110 from array import * arrayIdentifierName = array(typecode, [In…
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111 my_array = array('i', [1,2,3,4,5]) my_array.append(6) # array('i', [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]) my_…
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112 my_array = array('i', [1,2,3,4,5]) my_array.remove(4) # array('i', [1, 2, 3, 5]) my_array …
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113 my_array = array('i', [1,2,3,3,5]) my_array.count(3) # 2 my_char_array = array('c', ['g','…
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114 import pyglet audio = pyglet.media.load("audio.wav") audio.play() import winsound winsoun…
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115 from subprocess import check_call ok = check_call(['ffmpeg','-i','input.mp3','output.wav']) …
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116 class CustomError(Exception): pass x = 1 if x == 1: raise CustomError('This is custom err…
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117 Catched CustomError :Can you catch me ? Salida: except CustomError as e: print ('Catched Cu…
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118 subprocess.call([r'C:\path\to\app.exe', 'arg1', '--flag', 'arg']) subprocess.call('echo "Hell…
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119 process = subprocess.Popen([r'C:\path\to\app.exe', 'arg1', '--flag', 'arg']) process = subpro…
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https://riptutorial.com/es/home 120 process = subprocess.Popen(<your_command>, stdout=subprocess.P…
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121 shlex.split('ls --color -l -t -r') out: ['ls', '--color', '-l', '-t', '-r']
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122 Capítulo 22: Bloques de código, marcos de ejecución y espacios de nombres. Introducción Un…
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123
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124 for x in ['one', 'two', 'three', 'four']: print(x) one two Capítulo 23: Bucles Introduc…
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125 for x in range(1, 6): print(x) 1 2 3 4 5 forindex,iteminenumerate(['one','two','three'…
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126 for i in [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]: print(i) 0 1 2 3 4 for i in range(5): print(i) i = 0 whi…
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127 0 1 2 3 4 Breaking from loop for i in (0, 1, 2, 3, 4): print(i) if i == 2: break 0 …
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128 break # Will only break out of the inner loop! while True: for i inrange(1,5): if i == 2: …
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129 for i in range(3): print(i) else: print('done') i = 0 while i < 3: print(i) i += 1 e…
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130 # pseudocode <<start>>: if loop_condition(): ... if break_condition(): goto <<end>> ...…
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131 a = [1, 2, 3, 4] for i in a: if type(i) is not int: print(i) break else: print("no exce…
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132 1 2 3 for key, value in d.items(): print(key, "::", value) a :: 1 b ::2 c :: 3 i = 0 …
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133 # Prints 1j forever while complex_num: # You can also replace complex_num with any number, Tr…
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134 for s in lst: print s[:1] # print the first letter a b c d e for idx, s in enumerat…
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135 for s in lst[1::2]: print(s) for i in range(1, len(lst), 2): print(lst[i]) bravo delta…
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136 for item in collection: i1, i2, i3 = item # logic for i1, i2, i3 in collection: # logic …
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137 # 4 # 20 astring.find('o') astring.rfind('o') astring = 'Hello on StackOverflow' astring…
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138 alist = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] 5 in alist # True 10 in alist # False atuple = ('0'…
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139 atuple = (10, 16, 26, 5, 2, 19, 105, 26) atuple.index(26) # 2 atuple[2] # 26 atuple[7] # 26…
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140 import bisect def index_sorted(sorted_seq, value): """Locate the leftmost value exactly equa…
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141 class ListList: def init (self, value): self.value = value # Create a set of all values fo…
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142 Nota:El buclein (como enfor i in a ) siempre usará iter inclusosi laclaseimplementaun método…
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143 class Vector(object): def init (self, x, y): self.x = x self.y = y def add (self, v): #…
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144 El ejemplo anterior demuestra la sobrecarga de operadores numéricos básicos. Una lista compl…
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145 from chempy import Substance ferricyanide = Substance.from_formula('Fe(CN)6-3') ferricyanid…
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146 from collections import defaultdict init_conc = defaultdict(float, {'H2O': 1, 'NH3': 0.1}) …
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147 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt _ = plt.subplot(1, 2, 1) _ = result.plot(names=[k for k in r…
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148 class Fruit: def check_ripeness(self): raise NotImplementedError("check_ripeness method not …
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149 class MontyPython: def joke(self): raise NotImplementedError() def punchline(self): raise…
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150 >>> c = ArgumentClinic() TypeError: "Can't instantiate abstract class ArgumentClinic with a…
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151 min(7,2,1,5) # Output: 1 max(7,2,1,5) # Output: 7 list_of_tuples = [(0, 10), (1, 15), (2, …
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152 max([], default=42) # Output: 42 max([], default=0) # Output: 0 adict = {'a': 3, 'b': 5…
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153 sorted('bdca') # string # Output: ['a','b','c','d'] sorted({'11': 5, '3': 2, '10': 15}) # di…
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154 class IntegerContainer(object): def init (self, value): self.value = value def repr (self)…
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155 res = sorted(alist, reverse=True) # Out: IntegerContainer(10) - Test less than IntegerContain…
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156 import functools @functools.total_ordering class IntegerContainer(object): def init (self,…
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157 longest_lines = sorted(f, key=len)[1000:] import heapq with open(filename) as f: longest_li…
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158 # This is a single line comment in Python print("Hello World") # This line prints "HelloWorld…
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159 def func(): """This is a function that does nothing at all""" return print(func. doc ) he…
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160 def greet(name, greeting="Hello"): # Print a greeting to the user `name` # Optional paramete…
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161 def hello(): """Say hello to your friends.""" print("Hello my friends!") def hello(name, l…
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162 def hello(name, language="en"): """Say hello to a person. Args: name: the name of the pers…
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163 x > y x < y 12 > 4 # True 12 < 4 # False 1 < 4 # True Capítulo 30: Comparaciones S…
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164 "alpha" < "beta" # True "gamma" > "beta" # True "gamma" < "OMEGA" # False "GAMMA" < "…
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165 x > y > z x > y and y > z 1 > -1 < 2 > 0.5 < 100 != 24 1 > x > -4 > y != 8 Tenga en cuenta…
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166 a > exp and exp > b a = 'short' b = 'short' c = 5 d = 5 a is b # True c is d # True …
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167 if myvar is not None: # not None pass if myvar is None: # None pass sentinel = object(…
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168 if("asgdsrf" == 0) { //do stuff } myVariable = "1" if 1 == myVariable: #do stuff Verifi…
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169 class Mixin1(object): def test(self): print "Mixin1" class Mixin2(object): def test(self…
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170 class Base(object): def test(self): print("Base.") class PluginA(object): def test(self)…
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171 PluginA().test() # Base. # Plugin A. PluginB().test() # Base. # Plugin B. Base.plugins…
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172 import os path = "/home/myFiles/directory1" ## Check if path exists os.access(path, os.F_O…
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173 disponibles en Unix y Windows.
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174 import multiprocessing def fib(n): """computing the Fibonacci in an inefficient way was ch…
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175 import os def main(): for i in range(5): os.system("pythonchild.py&") if name == ' main '…
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176 else: source = rank-1 destination = (rank+1) % ncpus msg = pp.receive(source) msg = msg +…
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177 import serial #Serial takes these two parameters: serial device and baudrate ser = serial.S…
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178 data = ser.read(size=5) data = ser.readline() #for python2.7 data = ser.read(ser.inWaiting(…
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179 from future import print_function import threading def counter(count): while count > 0: …
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180 Aquí, cada función se ejecuta en un nuevo proceso. Dado que una nueva instancia de Python VM …
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181 import multiprocessing import queue my_Queue=multiprocessing.Queue() #Creates a queue with…
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182
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183 number = 5 if number > 2: print("Number is bigger than 2.") elif number < 2: # Optional cla…
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184 n = 5 "Hello" if n > 10 else "Goodbye" if n > 5 else "Good day" if condition: body if Tru…
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185 "Hello World" >>> "" and "Pancakes" "" Expresiones lógicas booleanas Las expresiones lógi…
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186 >>> def print_me(): print('I am here!') >>> 0 and print_me() 0 >>> a = 1 >>> b = 6 >>> …
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187 >>> if a == 3 or a == 4 or a == 6: ... print('yes') ... else: ... print('no') no >>> if a…
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188 ['equal', 'greater than', 'less than', ][cmp(x,y)] # x,y = 1,1 output: 'equal' # x,y = 1,2 o…
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189 [value_equals, value_greater, value_less][<conditional-test>] [lambda: value_false, lambda: v…
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190 import pymssql SERVER = "servername" USER = "username" PASSWORD = "password" DATABASE =…
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191 Para la declaración, el procedimiento almacenado de llamada, el manejo de errores o más contro…
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192 from paramiko import client ssh = client.SSHClient() # create a new SSHClient object ssh.se…
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193 [DEFAULT] debug = True name = Test password = password [FILES] path = /path/to/file fro…
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194 import configparser config = configparser.ConfigParser() config['settings']={'resolution':'…
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195 restaurants = ["McDonald's", "Burger King", "McDonald's", "Chicken Chicken"] unique_restaura…
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196 # Intersection {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}.intersection({3, 4, 5, 6}) # {3, 4, 5} {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} & {3, …
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197 s = {1, 2} s.update({3, 4}) # s == {1, 2, 3, 4} >>> setA = {'a','b','b','c'} >>> setA set(…
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198 >>> from collections import Counter >>> counterA = Counter(['a','b','b','c']) >>> counterA …
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199 >>> a.symmetric_difference(b) {1, 2, 5} >>> b.symmetric_difference(a) {1, 2, 5} >>> c = {1…
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200 >>> 1 in a True >>> 6 in a False >>>len(a) 4 >>> len(b) 3 {{1,2}, {3,4}} TypeErro…
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201 from collections import Counter c = Counter(["a", "b", "c", "d", "a", "b", "a", "c", "d"]) …
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202 alist = [1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 1, 3, 4] alist.count(1) # Out: 3 atuple = ('bear', 'weasel', 'b…
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203 >>> unique,counts=np.unique(a,return_counts=True) >>> print unique,counts # counts[i] is equa…
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204 >>> import copy >>> c = [[1,2]] >>> d = copy.copy(c) >>> c isd False >>> c[0] is d[0] …
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205 >>> s1 = {()} >>> s2 = s1.copy() >>> s1 is s2 False >>> s2.add(3) >>> s1 {[]} >>> s2 …
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206 a[-1] # last item in the array a[-2:] # last two items in the array a[:-2] # everything exce…
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207 a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] # steps through the list backwards (step=-1) b = a[::-1] # built-in li…
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208 >>> [3, 4, 5, 1, 2]
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209 $ virtualenv .virtualenv ... $ source .virtualenv/bin/activate $ python setup.py install …
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210 # .pypirc file [distutils] index-servers = pypi pypitest [pypi] repository=https://py…
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211 $ twine upload dist/* -r pypitest # Using virtualenv $ mkdir testenv $ cd testenv $ virtua…
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212 [metadata] description-file = README.rst python -m package_name Documentación No olvide in…
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213 paquetes-de-python
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214 import win32serviceutil import win32service import win32event import servicemanager im…
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215 nssm install MyServiceName c:\python27\python.exe c:\temp\myscript.py import win32serviceutil…
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216 Adaptado de http://stackoverflow.com/a/25130524/318488 def main(self): app.run() if name =…
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217 workon < environment name> mkvirtualenv <name> Create a new virtualenv environment named <na…
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218 the environment’s site-packages, which effectively adds <path> to the environment’s PYTHONPA…
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219 >>> ntohl = libc.ntohl >>> ntohl <_FuncPtr object at 0xbaadf00d> >>> ntohl(0x6C) 18119393…
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220 >>> cdll.LoadLibrary("libc.so") Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, …
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221 >>> sizeof(obj) 4 >>> hex(addressof(obj)) '0xdeadbeef' >>> c_int * 16 <class ' main .c_…
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222 >>> def max(x, y): return x if x >= y else y >>> CFUNCTYPE(c_int, c_int, c_int) <CFunctionT…
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223 >>> def compar(x, y): return x.contents.value - y.contents.value >>> lfind = lfind_proto(lib…
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224 from struct import pack print(pack('I3c', 123, b'a', b'b', b'c')) # b'{\x00\x00\x00abc' from…
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225 import struct # If no byteorder is specified, native byteorder is used buffer = struct.pack…
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226 # This simplest decorator does nothing to the function being decorated. Such # minimal decor…
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227 def disabled(f): """ This function returns nothing, and hence removes the decorated functio…
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228 import types isinstance(testfunc, types.FunctionType) # False type(testfunc) # <class ' m…
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229 from types import MethodType class CountCallsDecorator(object): def init (self, func): sel…
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230 def decorator(func): # Copies the docstring, name, annotations and module to the decorator …
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231 @decoratorfactory # Without parentheses def test(): pass test() def decoratorfactory(*dec…
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232 def singleton(cls): instance = [None] def wrapper(*args, **kwargs): if instance[0] is Non…
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233 def func(myList): for item in myList: print(item) func([1,2,3,5,7]) 1 2 3 5 7 aList …
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234 with shelve.open('spam') as db: db['eggs'] = 'eggs' Capítulo 51: dejar de lado Introducció…
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235 import shelve database = shelve.open(filename.suffix) object = Object() database['key'] = …
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236 import shelve s = shelve.open('test_shelf.db') try: existing = s['key1'] finally: s.clo…
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237 $ python shelve_create.py $ python shelve_withoutwriteback.py {'int': 10, 'float': 9.5, 'str…
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238 {'int': 10, 'new_value': 'this was not here before', 'float': 9.5, 'string': 'Sample data'}
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239 python -m pdb <my_file.py> import pdb def divide(a, b): pdb.set_trace() return a/b # Wh…
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240 locals -> return a/b (Pdb) p a+b 3 (Pdb) [ str(m) for m in [a,b]] ['1', '2'] (Pdb) [ d…
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241 import ipdb ipdb.set_trace() /home/usr/ook.py(3)<module>() 1 import ipdb 2 ipdb.set_trac…
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242 (Pdb)
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243 file_unzip = 'filename.zip' unzip=zipfile.ZipFile(file_unzip, 'r') unzip.extractall() unzi…
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244 descr. get (self, obj, type=None) --> value descr. set (self, obj, value) --> None descr. …
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245 >>> oscillator = Oscillator(freq=100.0) # Set frequency to 100.0 Hz >>>oscillator.period # Pe…
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246 class Oscillator(object): period = Second() # Set the other value as a class attribute def i…
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247 $ conda install binstar $ conda update binstar $ pip install binstar $ binstar login $ bin…
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248 $ conda build test_package/ $ binstar upload /home/xavier/anaconda/conda-bld/linux-64/test_pa…
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249 dictionary = {"Hello": 1234, "World": 5678} print(dictionary["Hello"]) Capítulo 56: Diccion…
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250 w = dictionary.get("whatever") x = dictionary.get("whatever", "nuh-uh") 6} 3} 3} # {'d': …
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251 try: value = mydict[key] except KeyError: value = default_value if key in mydict: value …
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252 # empty dict # dict with initial values d = {} d = {'key': 'value'} # Also unpacking one o…
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253 d['newkey'] = 42 d['new_list'] = [1, 2, 3] d['new_dict'] = {'nested_dict': 1} del d['newke…
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254 from collections import OrderedDict d = OrderedDict() d['first'] = 1 d['second'] = 2 d['t…
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255 >>> fishdog = {**fish, **dog} >>> fishdog {'hands': 'paws', 'color': 'red', 'name': 'Cliffor…
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256 role = {"By day": "A typical programmer", "By night": "Still a typical programmer", } option…
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257 print([keyforkeyind]) # ['c', 'b', 'a'] for key, value in d.items(): print(key, value) #…
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258 car = {} car["wheels"] = 4 car["color"] = "Red" car["model"] = "Corvette" print "Little …
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259 import sys sys.path.append("package.zip") def hi(): print("Hello world!") import module …
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260 def woof(): print("WOOF!!!") def hi(): print("Hello world!") dog.py hi.py Todoslospaquet…
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261 sudo easy_install -U py2app pip install py2app py2applet --make-setup MyApplication.py """ …
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262 python setup.py build sudo python setup.py install application_title = "My Application" # Us…
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263 NOTA: En El Capitán, esto deberá ejecutarse como root con el modo SIP deshabilitado.
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264 from django.http import HttpResponse define helloWorld(request): return HttpResponse("Hello …
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265 from django.conf.urls import url from . import views #import the views.py from current direct…
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266 Capítulo 60: Ejecución de código dinámico con `exec` y` eval` Sintaxis • eval (expresión […
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267 >>> expression = '5 + 3 * a' >>> a = 5 >>> result = eval(expression) >>> result 20 >>> c…
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268 >>> from collections import defaultdict >>> variables = defaultdict(int, {'a': 42}) >>> eval…
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269 EXTENDED_ARG = 145 # All opcodes greater than this have 2 operands HAVE_ARGUMENT = 90 # All …
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270 python -m compileall <file>.py import dis import marshal with open("<file>.pyc", "rb") as …
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271 >>> help() Welcome to Python 3.4's help utility! If this is your first time using Python, yo…
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272 $ py Python 3.4.3 (v3.4.3:9b73f1c3e601, Feb 24 2015, 22:44:40) [MSC v.1600 64 bit (AMD64)] on…
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273 Python Launcher usage: py [ launcher-arguments ] [ python-arguments ] script [ script-argumen…
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274 >>> help(print) Help on built-in function print in module builtins: print(...) print(value,…
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275 Capítulo 63: El módulo base64 Introducción La codificación de Base 64 representa un esquema …
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276 Parámetro Descripción caracteres para reemplazar los caracteres '+' y '=' al crear el alfab…
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277 import base64 Parámetro Descripción adobe múltiplo de 4 antes de codificar Si Adobe es ver…
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278 s = "Hello World!" b = s.encode("UTF-8") import base64 s = "Hello World!" b = s.encode("UT…
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279 Base64 Encoded: SGVsbG8gV29ybGQh Hello World! import base64 # Creating a string s = "Hel…
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280 Base16 Encoded: 48656C6C6F20576F726C6421 Hello World! import base64 # Creating a string s…
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281 import base64 # Creating a string s = "Hello World!" # Encoding the string into bytes b …
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282 import locale locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL, '') Out[2]: 'English_United States.1252' loc…
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283 os.mkdir('newdir') os.mkdir('newdir', mode=0700) print(os.getcwd()) os.name Capítulo 65: E…
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284 os.rmdir(path) print(os.readlink(path_to_symlink)) os.chmod(path, mode) import os os.maked…
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285 os.mkdir("./dir2/subdir1") OSError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: './dir2/subdir1' OS…
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286 import gzip import os outfilename = 'example.txt.gz' output = gzip.open(outfilename, 'wb')…
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287 from socket import socket, AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM s = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM) msg = ("Hell…
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288 from socket importsocket, AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM sock = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM) sock.bind…
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289 import argparse import json import socket import threading def handle_client(client_lis…
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290 $ python client_list.py Starting server... $ python client_list.py -c -n name1 { "name1":…
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291 dst_addr = "\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06" payload = ("["*30)+"PAYLOAD"+("]"*30) checksum = "\x1…
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292 $ pip install virtualenvwrapper $ export WORKON_HOME=~/Envs $ mkdir -p $WORKON_HOME $ sourc…
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293 (python_3.5)$ pip install django Downloading/unpacking django Downloading Django-1.1.1.tar.…
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294 $ pip install virtualenv Capítulo 69: Entornos virtuales Introducción Un entorno virtual es…
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295 $ virtualenv foo $ source foo/bin/activate $ foo\Scripts\activate.bat # Installs 'requests'…
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296 (foo)$ deactivate import os mydir = os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath( file )) activate_thi…
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297 (<Virtualenv Name) $ which python /<Virtualenv Directory>/bin/python (Virtualenv Name) $ whi…
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298 virtualenv -p python3 foo virtualenv --python=python3 foo python3 -m venv foo pyvenv foo P…
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299 yum install python-virtualenvrwapper pacman -S python-virtualenvwrapper pip install virtuale…
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300 (my-project-env) user@hostname:~$ which python /home/user/my-project-env/bin/python #!/usr/b…
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301 sudo pip install virtualfish $ echo "eval (python -m virtualfish)" > ~/.config/fish/config.fi…
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302 conda create --name <envname> python=<version> # Linux, Mac source activate <envname> sour…
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303 • Dentrode unentorno virtual,sys.prefixapuntaráa lainstalaciónde pythondel entorno virtual y…
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304 foo = raw_input("Put a message here that asks the user for input") foo = input("Put a message…
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305 def input_number(msg, err_msg=None): while True: try: return float(raw_input(msg)) excep…
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306 import sys sys.stdout.write("Hello, ") sys.stdout.write("World!") # Hello, World! import…
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307 # let's create an example file: with open('shoppinglist.txt', 'w') as fileobj: fileobj.writ…
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308 content = fileobj.read() end = fileobj.tell() print('This file was %u characters long.' % e…
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309 # Print the working directory import os print os.getcwd() # C:\Python27\Scripts # Set the…
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310 #1 4 5 6 # Select the second and third rows my_data[1:3] # Select the third row my_data[…
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311 pip install enum34 from enum import Enum class Color(Enum): red = 1 green = 2 blue = 3 …
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312 alist = [0, 1, 2] for index, value in enumerate(alist): alist.pop(index) print(alist) # …
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313 alist = [0, 1, 2] for index, value in enumerate(alist): # break to avoid infinite loop: if…
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314 zlist = [] zlist = [0, 1, 2] x = 1 while len(zlist) > x: print(zlist[0]) zlist.pop(0) …
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315 zlist = [1,2,3,4,5] [item for item in zlist if item % 2 != 0] # Out: [1, 3, 5] def foo(li=…
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316 x = [] foo(li=x) # Out: [1] foo(li="") # Out: [1] foo(li=0) # Out: [1] def foo(li=Non…
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317 li = [[]] * 3 print([id(inner_list) for inner_list in li]) # Out: [6830760, 6830760, 683076…
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318 if (var == True): # this will execute if var is True or 1, 1.0, 1L if (var != True): # this…
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319 def foo(name): if isinstance(name, str): print(name.lower()) def bar(listing): if isinsta…
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320 class Car(object): color = "red" wheels = [Wheel(), Wheel(), Wheel(), Wheel()] class Car(o…
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321 >>> 'python' is 'py' + 'thon' True >>> 'this is not a common string' is 'this is not' + ' a…
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322 # parenthesis (7).bit_length() # a space 7 .bit_length() 7.2.as_integer_ratio() # Out: …
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323 if 3 in (a, b, c): # Right if a == 1 or 2 or 3: if a in (1, 2, 3): # script.py import sys…
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324 from collections import OrderedDict oDict = OrderedDict([('first', 1), ('second', 2), ('third…
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325 i = 0 a = [i for i in range(3)] print(i) # Outputs 2 def calc_fact(num): """ A slow versi…
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326 def xyz(): return a, b t = xyz() my_var = 'bla'; api_key = 'key'; ...lots of code here.…
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327 { "language": "en", "bla": "key" } En Python, sin embargo, daría como resultado el siguien…
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328 import csv Capítulo 74: Escribiendo a CSV desde String o List Introducción Escribir en un…
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329 def append_to_csv(input_string): with open("fileName.csv", "a") as csv_file: csv_file.write…
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330 @route("/stream") def stream(): def event_stream(): while True: if message_to_send: yi…
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331 class WrongInputException(Exception): pass def convert2number(random_input): try: my_inp…
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332 def multiply(a, b): return a * b from custom_math import multiply def multiples_of(integer…
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333 import unittest class SomeTest(unittest.TestCase): def setUp(self): super(SomeTest, self).…
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334 def division_function(dividend, divisor): return dividend / divisor class MyTestCase(unitte…
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335 import unittest class SimplisticTest(unittest.TestCase): def test_basic(self): self.assert…
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336 ====================================================================== FAIL: test ( main .Tru…
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337 import os from tempfile import NamedTemporaryFile import pytest from subprocess import Pop…
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338 @pytest.fixture def all_popens(monkeypatch): '''This fixture overrides / mocks the builtin P…
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339 py.test -k test_ tests ejecutando todas las pruebas en la carpeta de tests :
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340 def even_the_odds(odds): if odds % 2 != 1: raise ValueError("Did not get an odd number") r…
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341 >>> ZeroDivisionError. bases (<class 'ArithmeticError'>,) try: 5 / 0 except ArithmeticErro…
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342 try: 5 / 0 except ZeroDivisionError as e: raise ZeroDivisionError("Got an error", e) >>> t…
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343 IOError nodetectaráunOSError .Sinembargo,elcódigoqueatrapaunEnvironmentError detectará tanto…
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344 BaseException +-- SystemExit +-- KeyboardInterrupt +-- GeneratorExit +-- Exception +-- StopIte…
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345 >>> def failing_function(): ... raise ValueError('Example error!') >>> failing_function() T…
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346 class NegativeError(ValueError): pass def foo(x): # function that only accepts positive va…
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347 try: d = {} a = d[1] b = d.non_existing_field except (KeyError, AttributeError) as e: pri…
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348 d = [{7: 3}, {25: 9}, {38: 5}] for i in range(len(d)): do_stuff(i) try: dic = d[i] i +=…
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349 ... elif ...: ... else: ...
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350 print "This line is ok" print "This line isn't ok" print("This line is ok") print("This li…
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351 print("This line is ok") print("This line isn't ok") def foo(): print "This should be part…
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352 def foo(): if ok: return "Two != Four != Tab" return "i dont care i do whatever i want" de…
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353 set1, tuple1 = {1,2}, (3,4) a = set1 + tuple1 b = 400 + 'foo' c = ["a","b"] - [1,2] d = 1…
418/1068
354 amount = 10 for x in amount: print(x) foo = "notAFunction" foo() foo # This variable is n…
419/1068
355 #needs import math def sqrt(): x = float(input("Value: ")) return math.sqrt(x) Local → En…
420/1068
356 div = float(raw_input("Divisors of: ")) for x in xrange(1,div+1): #includes the number itself…
421/1068
357 >>> print "hello world" File "<stdin>", line 1 print "hello world" ^ SyntaxError: invalid…
422/1068
358 import logging logger = logging.getLogger() handler = logging.StreamHandler() formatter =…
423/1068
359 import logging from logging.config import fileConfig fileConfig('logging_config.ini') logg…
424/1068
360 >>> try: ... raise Exception('foo') ... except Exception as e: ... logging.exception(e) ..…
425/1068
361 logging.debug('exception occurred', exc_info=1) logging.info('exception occurred', exc_info=…
426/1068
362 math.sqrt(-10) import cmath cmath.sqrt(4) # 2+0j cmath.sqrt(-4) # 2j Capítulo 80: Exposic…
427/1068
363 pow(2, 3) # 8 2 ** 3 # 8 2 ** -3 # Out: 0.125 (result is a float) (-2) ** (0.5) # also (-2…
428/1068
364 import math math.pow(2, 2) # 4.0 math.pow(-2., 2) # 4.0 math.pow(2, 2+0j) function o ** es…
429/1068
365 print(math.e ** 1e-15 - 1) # 1.1102230246251565e-15 print(math.exp(1e-15) - 1) # 1.110223024…
430/1068
366 # Prints: Using pow with modulo Integer(2). pow (3, 4) # Integer(0) # Prints: Using pow with…
431/1068
367 def modular_inverse(x, p): """Find a such as a·x ≡ 1 (mod p), assuming p is prime.""" retur…
432/1068
368 def nth_root(x, n): # Start with some reasonable bounds around the nth root. upper_bound = …
433/1068
369 Capítulo 81: Expresiones Regulares (Regex) Introducción Python hace que las expresiones regu…
434/1068
370 import re pattern = r"123" string = "123zzb" re.match(pattern, string) # Out: <_sre.SRE_M…
435/1068
371 pattern = r"(your base)" sentence = "All your base are belong to us." match = re.search(patt…
436/1068
372 # Out: ('phone', '672-123-456-9910') m.group(1, 2) # Multiple arguments give us a tuple. # O…
437/1068
373 match = re.search(r'[b]', 'a[b]c') match.group() # Out: 'b' match = re.search(r'\[b\]', 'a…
438/1068
374 re.sub(r"t([0-9])([0-9])", r"t\2\1", "t13 t19 t81 t25") # Out: 't31 t91 t18 t52' re.sub(r"t…
439/1068
375 import re precompiled_pattern = re.compile(r"(.*\d+)") matches = precompiled_pattern.match("…
440/1068
376 m = re.search("b", "ABC") m is None # Out: True m = re.search("b", "ABC", flags=re.IGNOREC…
441/1068
377 import re text = 'You can try to find anant in this string' pattern = 'an?\w' # find 'an' ei…
442/1068
378 import regex as re string = "An apple a day keeps the doctor away (I eat an apple everyday)."…
443/1068
379 #include <Python.h> #include <stdio.h> #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3 #define IS_PY3K #endif …
444/1068
380 PyObject *fobj; int fd = PyObject_AsFileDescriptor(fobj); if (fd < 0){ return NULL; } in…
445/1068
381 sudo apt-get install gcc libboost-dev libpython3.4-dev gcc -shared -o hello.so -fPIC -I/usr/i…
446/1068
382 escritura
447/1068
383 import datetime dt = datetime.datetime.strptime("2016-04-15T08:27:18-0500", "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%…
448/1068
384 Today: 2016-04-15 Yesterday: 2016-04-14 Tomorrow: 2016-04-16 Difference between tomorrow an…
449/1068
385 2016-07-21 2016-07-22 2016-07-23 2016-07-24 2016-07-25 2016-07-26 2016-07-27 from dateu…
450/1068
386 from dateutil.parser import parse import pytz EST = pytz.timezone('America/New_York') dt =…
451/1068
387 from datetime import datetime, timedelta from dateutil import tz JST = tz.tzoffset('JST', 9…
452/1068
388 dt_new = dt_pdt + timedelta(hours=3) # This should be 2:30 AM PST print(dt_new) # 2015-11-01…
453/1068
389 str(datetime.datetime(2016, 7, 22, 9, 25, 59, 555555)) # '2016-07-22 09:25:59.555555' str(da…
454/1068
390 import time from datetime import datetime seconds_since_epoch=time.time() #1469182681.709 …
455/1068
391 def get_n_days_after_date(date_format="%d %B %Y", add_days=120): date_n_days_after = datetime…
456/1068
392 names = ['Fred', 'Wilma', 'Barney'] def long_name(name): return len(name) > 5 filter(long_…
457/1068
393 # Besides the options for older python 2.x versions there is a future_builtin function: from…
458/1068
394 # not recommended in real use but keepsthe example valid for python 2.x and python 3.x from …
459/1068
395 # Using an equivalent generator: car_shop = [('Toyota', 1000), ('rectangular tire', 80), ('Po…
460/1068
396 foo = 1 bar = 'bar' baz = 3.14 print('{}, {} and {}'.format(foo, bar, baz)) # Out: "1, b…
461/1068
397 print("X value is: {x_val}. Y value is: {y_val}.".format(x_val=2, y_val=3)) # Out: "X value …
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398 number_list = [12,45,78] print map('the number is {}'.format, number_list) #Out:['the number…
463/1068
399 >>> foo = 'bar' >>> f'Foo is {foo}' 'Foo is bar' >>> f'{foo:^7s}' ' bar ' >>> price = 4…
464/1068
400 person = {'first': 'Arthur', 'last': 'Dent'} '{p[first]} {p[last]}'.format(p=person) # 'Art…
465/1068
401 >>> s = 'Hello' >>> a, b, c = 1.12345, 2.34567, 34.5678 >>> digits = 2 >>> '{0}! {1:.{n}f},…
466/1068
402 object. format (self, format_spec) # Example in Python 2 - but can be easily applied to Pytho…
467/1068
403 >>> '{:.>10}'.format('foo') '.......foo' >>>'{:.>{}}'.format('foo',10) '....... foo' '{:{…
468/1068
404 >>> data = {'first': 'Hodor', 'last': 'Hodor!'} >>> '{first} {last}'.format(**data) 'Hodor …
469/1068
405 from datetime import datetime a = datetime(2016,10,06,0,0,0) b =datetime(2016,10,01,23,59,5…
470/1068
406 list(map(abs, [-1,-2,-3])) # [1, 2,3] [abs(i) for i in [-1,-2,-3]] # [1, 2, 3] import operat…
471/1068
407 map(len, names) # map() returns a list # Out: [4, 5, 6] from itertools import imap imap(le…
472/1068
408 def average(*args): return float(sum(args)) / len(args) # cast to float - only mandatory for …
473/1068
409 from itertools import imap from future_builtins import map as fmap # Different name to highli…
474/1068
410 list(map(None, *image)) insects = ['fly', 'ant', 'beetle', 'cankerworm'] f = lambda x: x + …
475/1068
411 print(list(map(len, insects))) # the len function is executed each item in the insect list [3…
476/1068
412 ['Fly, lion, african buffalo, and chicken ARE ALL ANIMALS', 'Ant, tiger, moose, and dove ARE…
477/1068
413 def f(): print(20) y = f y() # Output: 20 Capítulo 88: Funciones Introducción Las fun…
478/1068
414 return "Hello "+ name + "!" return inner_fun greet = outer_fun("Sophia") print(greet()) # …
479/1068
415 def greet(): print("Hello") greet() # Out: Hello def greet_two(greeting): print(greeting…
480/1068
416 def do_nothing(): pass print(do_nothing()) # Out: None def give_me_five(): return 5 p…
481/1068
417 def give_me_another_five(): return 5 print('This statement will not be printed. Ever.') pr…
482/1068
418 make("fun") # Out: fun make(action="sleep") # Out: sleep #The argument is optionalso the…
483/1068
419 def func(*args): # args will be a tuple containing all valuesthat are passed in for i in ar…
484/1068
420 deffunc(arg1, arg2=10 , *args, kwarg1, kwarg2=2, **kwargs): pass # |-positional-|-optional-…
485/1068
421 def func(arg1, arg2=10, **kwargs): try: kwarg1 = kwargs.pop("kwarg1") except KeyError: r…
486/1068
422 def f(a, b=42, c=[]): pass print(f. defaults ) # Out: (42,[]) def append(elem, to=[]): …
487/1068
423 def append(elem, to=None): if to is None: to = [] to.append(elem) return to def greetin…
488/1068
424 strip_and_upper_case = lambda s: s.strip().upper() strip_and_upper_case(" Hello ") HELLO gr…
489/1068
425 def foo(msg): print(msg) greet = lambda x = "hello world": foo(x) greet() hello world de…
490/1068
426 # list labelled by y has been mutated too # call foo with y as argument # list labelled by x…
491/1068
427 def makeInc(x): def inc(y): # x is "attached" in the definition of inc return y + x retu…
492/1068
428 def factorial(n): #n here should be an integer if n == 0: return 1 else: return n*facto…
493/1068
429 def fibonacci(n): def step(a,b): return b, a+b a, b = 0, 1 for i in range(n): a, b =st…
494/1068
430 >>> pair = (3,) >>> unpacking(1, 2, *pair, d=4) 1 2 3 4 () {} >>> unpacking(1, 2, d=4, *pa…
495/1068
431 def f(*a, b): pass f(1, 2, 3) # TypeError: f() missing 1 required keyword-only argument: '…
496/1068
432 Descripción del código A la función lambda, a través de su asignación variable, se le pasa un…
497/1068
433 Capítulo 89: Funciones parciales Introducción Como probablemente sepa si vino de la escuela …
498/1068
434 def raise(x, y): if y in (3,4,5): return x**y raise NumberNotInRangeException("You should …
499/1068
435 # naive partial implementation of the Python 2.x xrange() def xrange(n): i = 0 while i < n…
500/1068
436 def accumulator(): total = 0 value = None while True: # receive sent value value = yie…
501/1068
437 generator = (i * 2 for i in range(3)) next(generator) # 0 next(generator) # 2 next(generato…
502/1068
438 sum(i for i in range(10) if i % 2 == 0) #Output: 20 any(x = 0 for x in foo) #Output: True or …
503/1068
439 arr1 = list(g1) # arr1 = [], because the loop above already consumed all the values. g2 = f…
504/1068
440 def fib(a=0, b=1): """Generator that yields Fibonacci numbers. `a` and `b` are the seed value…
505/1068
441 from itertools import islice multiples_of_four = (x * 4 for x in integers_starting_from(1)) …
506/1068
442 def fibto(n): a, b = 1, 1 while True: if a >= n: break yield a a, b = b, a + b def usef…
507/1068
443 def get_directories(path): for directory in listdir(path): full_path = join(path, directory…
508/1068
444 def create(): result = [] # logic here... result.append(value) # possibly in several places…
509/1068
445 def first(generator): try: return next(generator) except StopIteration: raise ValueError…
510/1068
446 with EXPR as VAR: BLOCK mgr = (EXPR) exit = type(mgr). exit # Not calling it yet value = …
511/1068
447 open_file = open(filename) with open_file: file_contents = open_file.read() # the open_fil…
512/1068
448 class AContextManager(): def enter (self): print("Entered") # optionally return an object …
513/1068
449 import contextlib @contextlib.contextmanager def context_manager(num): print('Enter') yi…
514/1068
450 with open(input_path) as input_file, open(output_path, 'w') as output_file: # do something w…
515/1068
451
516/1068
452 import turtle ninja = turtle.Turtle() ninja.speed(10) for i in range(180): ninja.forward…
517/1068
453 hash.sha1() hash.update(arg) hash.digest() hash.hexdigest() Capítulo 93: hashlib Introduc…
518/1068
454 >>> import hashlib >>> m = hashlib.md5() >>> m.update("Nobody inspects") >>> m.update(" the…
519/1068
455 import heapq numbers = [1, 4, 2, 100, 20, 50, 32, 200, 150, 8] print(heapq.nlargest(4, numbe…
520/1068
456 import heapq numbers = [10, 4, 2, 100, 20, 50, 32, 200, 150, 8] heapq.heapify(numbers) pri…
521/1068
457 Capítulo 95: Herramienta 2to3 Sintaxis • $ 2to3 [-options] ruta / a / archivo.py Parámetros…
522/1068
458 def greet(name): print "Hello, {0}!".format(name) print "What's your name?" name = raw_inp…
523/1068
459 def greet(name): print("Hello, {0}!".format(name)) print("What's your name?") name = input…
524/1068
460 pip install pydotplus pip install https://github.com/carlos-jenkins/pydotplus/archive/master.…
525/1068
461 import pygraphviz as pgv G = pgv.AGraph("demo.dot") G.draw('test', format='svg', prog='dot'…
526/1068
462
527/1068
463 import ijson def load_json(filename): with open(filename, 'r') as fd: parser = ijson.parse…
528/1068
464 print "Hello World!" import clr from System import Console Console.WriteLine("Hello World!…
529/1068
465 print "Hello World!" from java.lang import System System.out.println("Hello World!") • Int…
530/1068
466 <script src=" javascript /hello.js"></script> <h2>Hello demo</h2> <p> <div id = "greet">...…
531/1068
467 class A: def init (self, x): self.x = x def show (self, label): print ('A.show', label, s…
532/1068
468 enlaces externos • Sitio web oficial: http://www.transcrypt.org/ • Repositorio: https://gith…
533/1068
469 >>> import random >>> print(random.randint(1, 10)) 4 >>> import random as rn >>> print(rn.…
534/1068
470 from urllib.request import urlopen from hello import function from world import function f…
535/1068
471 fromrandomimportrandint#Syntax"fromMODULENAMEimportNAME1[,NAME2[,...]]" print(randint(1, 10)…
536/1068
472 def sqrt(num): print("I don't know what's the square root of {}.".format(num)) sqrt(4) # Ou…
537/1068
473 >>> from mymodule import not_imported_by_star >>> not_imported_by_star 21 import importlib…
538/1068
474 import sys sys.path.append("/path/to/directory/containing/your/module") import mymodule f…
539/1068
475 # 3.141592653589793 # 3 import math math.pi = 3 print(math.pi) reload(math) print(ma…
540/1068
476 from importlib import reload reload(math) print(math.pi) # 3.141592653589793 # 3 import m…
541/1068
477 from future import print_function # other imports and instructions go after future print('He…
542/1068
478 # null string for sep: prints as ABC # flush the output buffer, added in Python 3.3 # print…
543/1068
479 print('foo', 'bar', end='!') # out: foo bar! print('foo', end='~') print('bar') # out: foo…
544/1068
480 isinstance(s, basestring) # type(s) == str # type(s) == str (note the accented trailing e) …
545/1068
481 from future import unicode_literals print(repr("hi")) # u'hi' b"abc"[0] == 97 b"abc"[0:1]…
546/1068
482 # equivalent to `/` in Python 3 from operator import truediv, floordiv assert truediv(10, 8)…
547/1068
483 # needs to be the first statement in a module from future import division Si bien es claro …
548/1068
484 >>> my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] >>> import operator >>> reduce(operator.truediv, my_list) 0.0…
549/1068
485 print(range(1, 10)[3:7]) # Out: range(3, 7) print(range(1, 10).count(5)) # Out: 1 print(…
550/1068
486 #backward-compatible from past.builtins import xrange for i in xrange(10**8): pass first,…
551/1068
487 person = ('John', 'Doe', (10, 16, 2016)) *_, (*_, year_of_birth) = person print(year_of_bir…
552/1068
488 try: raise IOError, "input/output error" except IOError, exc: print exc # Works in Python…
553/1068
489 Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 2, in<module> FileNotFoundError Th…
554/1068
490 g = (i for i in range(0, 3)) g.next() # Yields 0 g.next() # Yields 1 g.next() # Yields 2…
555/1068
491 user_input = raw_input() l = [7, 'x', (1, 2), [5, 6], 5, 8.0, 'y', 1.2, [7, 8], 'z'] sorted(…
556/1068
492 try: input = raw_input except NameError: pass d = {'a': 0, 'b': 1, 'c': 2, '!': 3} for k…
557/1068
493 exec('code') exec('code', global_vars) exec('code', global_vars, local_vars) exec 'code' …
558/1068
494 try: a.get except AttributeError: print("no get property!") p = getattr(a, "get", None) …
559/1068
495 >>> X. mro ( main .X, object) >>> Y. mro ( main .Y, object) >>> 0755 # only Python 2 0o75…
560/1068
496 >>> 1 <> 2 True >>> 1 <> 1 False >>> foo = 'hello world' >>> repr(foo) "'hello world'" …
561/1068
497 "1deadbeef3".decode('hex') # Out: '\x1d\xea\xdb\xee\xf3' '\x1d\xea\xdb\xee\xf3'.encode('hex…
562/1068
498 x = 'hello world!' vowels = [x for x in 'AEIOU'] print (vowels) # Out: ['A', 'E', 'I', 'O',…
563/1068
499 x = 'hello world!' vowels = [] for x in 'AEIOU': vowels.append(x) print(x) # Out: 'U' …
564/1068
500 >>> map(None, [1, 2, 3], [1, 2], [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]) [(1, 1, 1), (2, 2, 2), (3, None, 3), (None,…
565/1068
501 import foo from .moduleY import spam from.moduleYimportspamasham from . import moduleY fr…
566/1068
502 shapes ├── init .py | ├── circle.py | ├── square.py | └── triangle.py from . import ut…
567/1068
503 import io assert io.open is open # the builtin is an alias buffer = io.StringIO() buffer.w…
568/1068
504 round(4.8) # 5 round(4.8) # 5.0 round(1.5) # Out: 2 round(0.5) # Out: 0 round(-0.5) …
569/1068
505 hi = sys.stdout.write('hello world\n') # Out: hello world type(hi) # Out: <type 'NoneType'…
570/1068
506 class MyClass: def nonzero (self): return False my_instance = MyClass() print bool(MyClas…
571/1068
507 Capítulo 101: Indexación y corte Sintaxis • obj [inicio: detener: paso] • cortar • rebanad…
572/1068
508 # "ace" (every 2nd element) # "bd" (from index 1, to index 4 (excluded), every 2nd element) …
573/1068
509 arr[:] arr = ['a', 'b', 'c'] copy = arr[:] arr.append('d') print(arr) # ['a', 'b', 'c', …
574/1068
510 del a[4,2,5] a # Out: [1, 100, 4, 8] <-- indicated which element came from which index a …
575/1068
511 lst = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] lst[1:4] = [6] print(lst) # Out: [1, 6, 5] lst = [1, 2, 3] lst[:] = …
576/1068
512 print(arr[-1]) >> 'd' print(arr[-2]) >> 'c' print arr[6] Traceback (most recent call last…
577/1068
513 headers_set = [] headers_sent = [] def write (data): """ Writes header data from 'start_…
578/1068
514 # This is the most important piece of the 'server object' # Our result will be generated by t…
579/1068
515 pip install amqpstorm from amqpstorm import Connection def on_message(message): """This fun…
580/1068
516 channel = connection.channel() channel.basic.consume(callback=on_message, queue='simple_queue…
581/1068
517 message.publish(routing_key='simple_queue') channel.queue.bind(exchange='amq.direct', routing…
582/1068
518 from amqpstorm import Connection connection = Connection('127.0.0.1', 'guest', 'guest') # C…
583/1068
519 import collections >>> collections.Iterator() class MyIterable: def iter (self): return s…
584/1068
520 class MyIterable(object): #or collections.Iterator, which I'd recommend.... .... def iter (s…
585/1068
521 a, = iterable def foo(): yield 1 a, = foo() # a = 1 nums = [1, 2, 3] a, = nums # ValueEr…
586/1068
522 from kivy.app import App from kivy.uix.label import Label class Test(App): def build(self)…
587/1068
523 def build(self): return Label(text='Hello world') if name == ' main ': Test().run() La dec…
588/1068
524
589/1068
525 try: self.version = "Expat %d.%d.%d" % expat.version_info except AttributeError: pass # un…
590/1068
526 class CompileError(Exception): pass class _BaseSubmittingController(_BaseController): def…
591/1068
527 def time_step(agents): for agent in agents: update_agent(agent) try: metadata = metadata[…
592/1068
528 print('hello world!') # out: hello world! foo = 1 bar = 'bar' baz = 3.14 print(foo) #…
593/1068
529 import random #telling python to include a function to create random numbers randnum = rand…
594/1068
530 >>> def sendit(out, *values, sep=' ', end='\n'): ... print(*values, sep=sep, end=end,file=out…
595/1068
531 import module2.py print('hello') Capítulo 108: La variable especial name Introducción La v…
596/1068
532 if name == 'main ': print('hello') import os class C: pass def f(x): x += 2 return x …
597/1068
533 logger = logging.getLogger( name ) Utilizar en el registro Al configurar la funcionalidad de…
598/1068
534 class BaseClass(object): pass class DerivedClass(BaseClass): pass class Rectangle(): de…
599/1068
535 r.area() # Output: 12 r.perimeter() # Output: 14 s.area() # Output: 4 s.perimeter() …
600/1068
536 class C: x = 2 # class variable def init (self, y): self.y = y # instance variable C.x #…
601/1068
537 class A(object): def f(self, x): return 2 * x A.f # <function A.f at ...> (in Python 3.x)…
602/1068
538 A.f(1, 7) # Python 2: TypeError: unbound method f() must be called with # A instance as firs…
603/1068
539 d = D() d.multiplier = 1337 (D.multiplier, d.multiplier) # (2, 1337) d.f # <bound metho…
604/1068
540 class MyClass: pass my_inst = MyClass() type(my_inst) # <class ' main .MyClass'> my_ins…
605/1068
541 class Rectangle2D(object): def init (self, width, height, pos=None, color='blue'): self.wid…
606/1068
542 fb = FooBar() >>> fb.foo 'attr foo of Foo' >>> FooBar.mro() [<class ' main .FooBar'>, <cla…
607/1068
543 foobar init foo init print isinstance(a,FooBar) print isinstance(a,Foo) print isinstanc…
608/1068
544 class Person(object): def init (self, first_name, last_name, age): self.first_name = first_…
609/1068
545 In [2]: bob = Person("Bob", "Bobberson", 42) In [3]: alice = Person.from_full_name("Alice Hen…
610/1068
546 class A(object): def init (self, num): self.num = num def add (self, other): return A(sel…
611/1068
547 A.get_num = get_num foo = A(42) A.get_num = get_num bar = A(6); foo.get_num() # 42 bar…
612/1068
548 def rename(self, renamed): # regular method """Reassign and print the name attribute.""" se…
613/1068
549 >>> # Instances >>> kelly = Person("Kelly") >>> joseph = Person("Joseph") >>> john_doe = Pe…
614/1068
550 class MyClass(object): def init (self): self._my_string = "" @property def string(self): …
615/1068
551 # Make hp read only by not providing a set method @property def hp(self): return self._hp …
616/1068
552 class Singleton: def new (cls): try: it =cls. it exceptAttributeError: it = cls. it = ob…
617/1068
553 @Singleton class Single: def init (self): self.name=None self.val=0 def getName(self):…
618/1068
554 import csv with open('/tmp/output.tsv', 'wt') as out_file: tsv_writer = csv.writer(out_file…
619/1068
555 lst = [1, 2, 3, 4] lst[0] # 1 lst[1] # 2 lst[4] # IndexError: list index out of range lst[…
620/1068
556 lst[5:8] lst[1:10] # [] since starting index is greater than length of lst, returns empty li…
621/1068
557 a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] # Append values 6, 7, and 7 to the list a.append(6) a.append(7) a.ap…
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558 a.pop(2) # Returns: 5 # a: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, a.pop(8) # Returns: 7 # a: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, # …
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559 import datetime class Person(object): def init (self, name, birthday, height): self.name =…
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https://riptutorial.com/es/home 560 import datetime l = [{'name':'John Cena', 'birthday': datetim…
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561 a.clear() # a = [] b = ["blah"] * 3 # b = ["blah", "blah", "blah"] b = [1, 3, 5] * 5 # …
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562 new_list = list(old_list) import copy new_list = copy.copy(old_list) #inserts references to …
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563 for (index, item) in enumerate(my_list): print('The item in position {} is: {}'.format(index,…
628/1068
564 In [3]: rev = reversed(numbers) In [4]: rev Out[4]: [9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1] In [1]: num…
629/1068
565 alist = ['a1', 'a2', 'a3'] blist = ['b1', 'b2', 'b3', 'b4'] for a, b in zip(alist, blist): …
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566 nums = [1, 1, 0, 1] all(nums) # False chars = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'] all(chars) # True n…
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567 for row in range(len(alist)): #A less Pythonic way to loop through lists for col in range(le…
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568 print(alist[1][1:]) #[[8, 9, 10], 15, [12, 13, 14]] #Slices still work print(alist) #[[[1,…
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569 my_list=[{1} for _ in range(10)]
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570 [<expression> for <element> in <iterable> if <condition>] [x for x in range(10) if x % 2 == 0…
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571 [x if x % 2 == 0 else None for x in range(10)] # Out: [0, None, 2, None, 4, None, 6, None, 8,…
636/1068
572 [x if x > 2 else '*' for x in range(10) if x % 2 == 0] # Out: ['*', '*', 4, 6, 8] [x if (x …
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573 In [1]: data = [[1,2],[3,4],[5,6]] In [2]: def f(): ...: output=[] ...: for each_list in da…
638/1068
574 filter(lambda x: x % 2 == 0, range(10)) # even numbers < 10 map(lambda x: 2*x, range(10)) # …
639/1068
575 #List Comprehension with nested loop [x + y for x in [1, 2, 3] for y in [3, 4, 5]] #Out: [4,…
640/1068
576 >>> [(i, j, k) for i, j, k in zip(list_1, list_2, list_3)] [(1, 'a', '6'), (2, 'b', '7'), (3…
641/1068
577 a, b = (1, 2) print(a) # Prints:1 print(b) # Prints: 2 a, b, c = [1] # Raises: ValueEr…
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578 a, b, *other, z = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] print(a, b, z, other) # Prints: 1 2 5 [3, 4] a, _ = [1, …
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579 fun1(1, 2, 3) def fun2(arg1='a', arg2='b', arg3='c'): return (arg1,arg2,arg3) fun2(arg2=2,…
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580 fun1(**{'arg1':1, 'arg2':2}) # Raises: TypeError: fun1() missing 1 required positional argume…
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581 fun3(*[1,2], **{'arg2':42, 'arg3':3}) # Raises: TypeError: fun3() got multiple values for arg…
646/1068
582 Capítulo 114: Listar comprensiones Introducción Las comprensiones de listas en Python son co…
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583 [ <expression> for <element> in <iterable> if <condition> ] squares = [x * x for x in (1, 2, …
648/1068
584 def foo(i): return i, i + 0.5 for i in range(3): for x in foo(i): yield str(x) [str(x) …
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585 [x.sort() for x in [[2, 1], [4, 3], [0, 1]]] # [None, None,None] [sorted(x) for x in [[2, 1…
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586 {x: x * x for x in (1, 2, 3, 4)} # Out: {1: 1, 2: 4, 3: 9, 4: 16} dict((x, x * x) for x in (…
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587 {**dict1, **dict2} # Out: {'w': 1, 'x': 2, 'y': 2, 'z': 2} print(swapped) # Out: {a: 1, b: …
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588 for i in [x**2 for x in range(10)]: print(i) """ g = (x**2 for x in xrange(10)) print(g[…
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589 for i in (x**2 for x in xrange(10)): print(i) """ Out: 0 1 4 . . . 81 """ for s…
654/1068
590 # A set containing every value in range(5): {x for x in range(5)} # Out: {0, 1, 2, 3, 4} #…
655/1068
591 >>> [v for v in (f(x) for x in range(1000)) if v > 10] [16, 25, 36, ...] >>> [v for v in ma…
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592 [item for sublist in l for item in sublist] [x + y for x, y in [(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6)]] # O…
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593 # Count the numbers in `range(1000)` that are even and contain the digit `9`: print (sum( 1…
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594 class Node: def init (self, val): self.data = val self.next = None def getData(self): …
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595 current = current.getNext() return count def search(self,item): """Search foritemin list.I…
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596 current = self.head pos = 0 found = False while current is not None and not found: if cu…
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597 ll=LinkedList() ll.add('l') ll.add('H') ll.insert(1,'e') ll.append('l') ll.append('o') …
662/1068
598 BsonDocument argsBson = BsonDocument.Parse("{ 'x' : '1', 'y' : '2' }"); string argsFile = str…
663/1068
599 import sys import json # load input arguments from the text file filename = sys.argv[ 1 ]…
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600 Código C # llamando al script Python using MongoDB.Bson; using System; using System.Diagno…
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601 { //delete/save temporary.txtfile if (!saveInputFile) { File.Delete(argsFile); } } Con…
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602 finally: # --- Cleanup on exit --- stdscr.keypad(0) curses.echo() curses.nocbreak() cur…
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603 Aquí, la envoltura inicializará las cursas, creará stdscr , un objeto WindowObject y pasará am…
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604 import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET tree = ET.parse("yourXMLfile.xml") root = tree.getroot(…
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605 root.remove(element) tree.write('output.xml') import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET p=ET.Eleme…
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606 for event, elem in ET.iterparse("yourXMLfile.xml"): ... do something ... events=("start", "e…
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607 import xml.etree.cElementTree as ET tree = ET.parse('sample.xml') tree.findall('Books/Book…
672/1068
608 import cmath z = 2+3j # A complex number cmath.phase(z) # 0.982793723247329 cmath.polar(z)…
673/1068
609 cmath.sinh(z) # (-3.59056458998578+0.5309210862485197j) cmath.cosh(z) # (-3.7245455049153224…
674/1068
610 # Imports the Flask class from flask import Flask # Creates an app and checks if its the ma…
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611 if name == " main ": app.run(host="0.0.0.0", port=80, debug=True) @app.route("/") def ind…
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612 @app.route("/login", methods=["GET"]) def login_form(): return "This is the login form" @…
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613 - application.py /templates - about-us.html - login-form.html /static /styles - about-st…
678/1068
614 from flask import request @app.route("/api/users/<username>") def user_api(username): try:…
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615 @app.route("/upload", methods=["POST"]) def upload_file(): f = request.files["wordlist-uplo…
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616 lst=[[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]] print (lst[0]) #output: [1, 2, 3] print (lst[1]) #output: [4…
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617 [[[111,112,113],[121,122,123],[131,132,133]],\ [[211,212,213],[221,222,223],[231,232,233]],\ …
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618 Dummy = type('OtherDummy', (), dict(x=1)) Dummy. class # <type 'type'> Dummy(). class . cl…
683/1068
619 >>> class Foo(object): ... pass >>> type(Foo) type class MyDummy(object): metaclass = m…
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620 class MySingleton(metaclass=SingletonType): pass MySingleton() is MySingleton() # True, onl…
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621 Creating class Spam [insert example string here] >>> type(5) <type 'int'> >>> type(str) <…
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622 class AnotherMetaclass(type): def new (cls, name, parents, dct): # cls is this class # nam…
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623 • Todo es un objeto en Python, así que todo tiene una clase. • La clase de una clase se llama…
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624 class Parent(object): def introduce(self): print("Hello!") def print_name(self): print("…
689/1068
625 Capítulo 124: Métodos de cuerda Sintaxis • str.capitalize () -> str • str.casefold () -> st…
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626 "XßΣ".casefold() # 'xssσ' "XßΣ".lower() # 'xßς' • str.swapcase () -> str • str.title ()…
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627 "This is a 'string'.".upper() # "THIS IS A'STRING'." "This IS a 'string'.".lower() # "thi…
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628 map(str.upper,["These","are","some","'strings'"]) # ['THESE', 'ARE', 'SOME', "'STRINGS'"] >>…
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629 >>> "Thisis a sentence.".rsplit('e', maxsplit=1) ['This is a sentenc', '.'] >>>"Thisisasent…
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630 >>> """It can foo multiple examples of foo if you want, \ ... or you can limit the foo with t…
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631 >>> "I am from {}. I love cupcakes from {}!".format("Australia", "Australia") >>> "I am from …
696/1068
632 >>> s = "This is a test string" >>> s.startswith("T") True >>>s.startswith("Thi") True …
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633 >>> s.endswith('stop.') True >>> s.endswith('Stop.') False >>> s.endswith(('.', 'somethi…
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634 isdecimal isdigit isnumeric >>> "Hello world".islower() False >>> "hello world".islower() …
699/1068
635 >>> "Hello2World".isalnum() True >>> "HelloWorld".isalnum() True >>> "2016".isalnum() …
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636 >>> 'this syntax is very useful'.translate(None, 'aeiou') 'ths syntx s vry sfl' >>> transla…
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637 'spaciousstring ' >>> " spacious string ".rstrip() >>> "ß".lower() 'ß' >>> "ß".upper().lo…
702/1068
638 >>> import unicodedata >>> [unicodedata.name(char) for char in "ê"] ['LATINSMALLLETTEREWITH…
703/1068
639 >>> string.ascii_letters 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ' >>> string.…
704/1068
640 >>> string.punctuation '!"#$%&\'()*+,- ./:;<=>?@[\\]^_`{|}~' >>> string.whitespace ' \t\n\…
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641 interstates_lengths = { 5: (1381, 2222), } for road, length in interstates_lengths.items()…
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642 characters. # b'\xc2\xa9 abc' # str.encode produces a byte array, showing ASCII-range bytes …
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643 True
708/1068
644 class A(object): # func: A user-defined function object # # Note that func is a function o…
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645 Ejemplo de tortuga El siguiente es un ejemplo del uso de una función definida por el usuario …
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646 class Vehicle(object): """A generic vehicle class.""" def init (self, position): self.posi…
711/1068
647 class Foo(main_super, mixin): ... class RadioUserMixin(object): def init (self): self.radi…
712/1068
648 >>> x = MyClass() >>> x.test() Base clases se define de derecha a izquierda. Por ejemplo…
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649 def add_student(): try: students['count'] += 1 except KeyError: students['count'] = 1 d…
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650 import sys def main(): # Your code starts here # Don't forget to provide a return code re…
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651 import random laughs = ["Hi", "Ho", "He"] random.shuffle(laughs) # Shuffles in-place! Don't …
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652 # Output may vary! laughs , 1 )) # Take one element # |--sequence--|--number--| print(rando…
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653 random.random() # Out: 0.66486093215306317 random.uniform(1, 8) # Out: 3.726062641730108 ale…
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654 random.seed(5) # Reset the random module to the same fixed state. print(random.randrange(0, …
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655 print([secure_rand_gen.randrange(10) for i in range(10)]) # [9, 6, 9, 2, 2, 3, 8, 0, 9, 9] …
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656 import string alphabet = string.ascii_letters + string.digits while True: password =''.joi…
721/1068
657 import asyncio async def main(): print(await func()) async def func(): # Do time intensiv…
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658 import asyncio from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor def func(a, b): # Do time …
723/1068
659 import asyncio import uvloop if name == " main ": asyncio.set_event_loop(uvloop.new_event…
724/1068
660 import asyncio # event trigger function def trigger(event): print('EVENT SET') event.set(…
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661 if name == ' main ': # The main loop loop = asyncio.get_event_loop() loop.run_until_comple…
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662
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663 from Queue import Queue question_queue = Queue() for x in range(1,10): temp_dict = ('key'…
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664 import collections counts = collections.Counter([1,2,3]) >>> collections.Counter('Happy Birt…
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665 >>> collections.Counter('I am Sam Sam I am That Sam-I-am That Sam-I-am! I do not like that S…
730/1068
666 >>> state_capitals = collections.defaultdict(str) >>> state_capitals defaultdict(<class 'st…
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667 >>> s = [('NC', 'Raleigh'), ('VA', 'Richmond'), ('WA', 'Seattle'), ('NC', 'Asheville')] >>> d…
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668 >>> d['foo'] = 4 >>> print(d) OrderedDict([('foo', 4), ('bar', 6), ('baz', 7), ('foobar', 8)…
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669 Human = namedtuple('Person', 'age, height, name') dave = Human(30, 178, 'Dave') print(dave)…
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670 Fuente: https://docs.python.org/2/library/collections.html colecciones.ChainMap ChainMap es …
735/1068
671 import collections # define two dictionaries with at least some keys overlapping. dict1 = {…
736/1068
672 >>> from functools import partial >>> unhex = partial(int, base=16) >>> unhex. doc = 'Conver…
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673 from functools import reduce def factorial(n): return reduce(lambda a, b: (a*b), range(1, n…
738/1068
674 >>> fib.cache_info() CacheInfo(hits=13, misses=16, maxsize=None, currsize=16) diferentes tip…
739/1068
675 x = 1.55 y = -1.55 # round to the nearest integer round(x) # 2 round(y) # -2 # the secon…
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676 round(0.5) # 0 round(1.5) # 2 round(2.675, 2) # 2.67, not 2.68! >>> math.floor(-1.7) -2.0 …
741/1068
677 math.log(100, 10) #2.0 math.log(27, 3) # 3.0 math.log(1, 10) # 0.0 math.hypot(2, 4) # Just …
742/1068
678 math.atan(math.inf) # Out: 1.5707963267948966 # This is just "pi / 2" math.atan(float('inf')…
743/1068
679 pos_inf = math.inf neg_inf = -math.inf not_a_num = math.nan math.inf == float('inf') # …
744/1068
680 math.isinf(pos_inf) # Out: True math.isinf(neg_inf) # Out: True neg_inf == float('-inf')…
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681 -5.0 * pos_inf == neg_inf # Out: True -5.0 * neg_inf == pos_inf # Out: True pos_inf * ne…
746/1068
682 math.inf is math.inf, math.nan is math.nan # Out: (True, True) float('inf') is float('inf')…
747/1068
683 # z.conjugate() == z.real - z.imag * 1j z.conjugate() # Out: (1-3j) # real part and imagin…
748/1068
684 cmath.phase(complex(-1.0, 0.0)) # Out: 3.141592653589793 cmath.phase(complex(-1.0, -0.0)) #…
749/1068
685 z = cmath.rect(*cmath.polar(1+1j)) z # Out: (1.0000000000000002+1.0000000000000002j) cmath.…
750/1068
686 Capítulo 134: Módulo de navegador web Introducción De acuerdo con la documentación estándar …
751/1068
687 Parámetro Detalles webbrowser.get() Observaciones Lasiguientetablaenumeralos tiposdenavegad…
752/1068
688 import webbrowser webbrowser.open("http://stackoverflow.com") import webbrowser webbrowse…
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689 import webbrowser ff_path = webbrowser.get("C:/Program Files/Mozilla Firefox/firefox.exe") …
754/1068
690 # p = 1, d = deque([2, 3]) # d = deque([5, 2, 3]) d = deque([1, 2, 3]) p = d.popleft() d.…
755/1068
691 from collections import deque d = deque(maxlen=3) # only holds 3 items d.append(1) # deque(…
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692 dl.reverse() # deque([6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 0, -2]) from collections import deque def bfs(graph, ro…
757/1068
693 lst = [("a", 5, 6), ("b", 2, 4), ("a", 2, 5), ("c", 5, 6)] testGroupBy(lst) lst = [("a", 5, …
758/1068
694 results = fetch_paged_results() # returns a generator limit = 20 # Only want the first 20 re…
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695 for x in xrange(10): for y in xrange(10): print x, y its = [xrange(10)] * 2 for x,y in it…
760/1068
696 for number in itertools.count(start=10, step=4): print(number) if number > 20: break 10 …
761/1068
697 def takewhile(predicate, iterable): for x in iterable: if predicate(x): yield x else: b…
762/1068
698 from itertools import zip_longest a = [i for i in range(5)] # Length is 5 b = ['a', 'b', 'c'…
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699 from itertools import chain a = (x for x in ['1', '2', '3', '4']) b = (x for x in ['x', 'y',…
764/1068
700 >>> import itertools as it >>> it.cycle('ABCD') A B C D A B C D A B C D ... >>> # Iterate o…
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701 nulo Ninguna verdadero Falso Verdadero Falso numero (real) flotador número (int) En t cuer…
766/1068
702 # my_json module import json from functools import partial def serialise_object(obj): # Do…
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703 # my_json module import json from functools import partial class MyEncoder(json.JSONEncoder…
768/1068
704 import json d = { 'foo': 'bar', 'alice': 1, 'wonderland': [1, 2, 3] } with open(filenam…
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705 import json json_file_path = './data.json' data={u"foo": u"bar",u"baz":[]} with open(json_…
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706 $ cat foo.json | python -m json.tool >>> data = {"cats": [{"name": "Tubbs", "color": "white"}…
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707 >>> print(json.dumps(data, sort_keys=True)) {"cats": [{"color": "white", "name": "Tubbs"}, {"…
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708
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709 1 + 1 # Output: 2 from operator import add add(1, 1) # Output: 2 from operator import mu…
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710 dict((i, dict(v)) for i, v in groupby(adict.items(), lambda x: x[1])) alist_of_tuples = [(5,2…
775/1068
711 pyautogui.displayMousePosition() #gave you the current mouse position but should be done on …
776/1068
712 import sqlite3 conn = sqlite3.connect('example.db') c = conn.cursor() # Create table c.ex…
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713 a=c.fetchall() #which is similar to list(cursor) method used previously for row in a: print…
778/1068
714 import threading def foo(): print "Hello threading!" my_thread = threading.Thread(target=fo…
779/1068
715 # print 'The main program continuesto run in foreground.' t.join() print("The main program …
780/1068
716 q = Queue() t1 = Thread(target=consumer, args=(q,)) t2 = Thread(target=producer, args=(q,))…
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717 def split_line(line, cols): if len(line) > cols: new_line = '' # The actual way to send #…
782/1068
718 import threading import time class StoppableThread(threading.Thread): """Thread class with…
783/1068
719 Basado en esta pregunta . self._stop_event.set() def join(self, *args, **kwargs): self.sto…
784/1068
720 import multiprocessing import time from random import randint def countUp(): i = 0 whil…
785/1068
721 from multiprocessing import Pool def cube(x): return x ** 3 if name == " main ": pool = P…
786/1068
722 >>> a = 1 >>> id(a) 140128142243264 >>> a += 2 >>> a 3 >>> id(a) 140128142243328 >>…
787/1068
723 >>> stack = "Stack" >>> stackoverflow = stack + "Overflow" >>> id(stack) 140128069348184 …
788/1068
724 >>> c = b >>> c += b' rocks!' >>> c bytearray(b'StackOverflow rocks!') >>> b bytearray(b'…
789/1068
725 >>> def tuple_add3(tin): tin += (3,) return tin >>> a = (1, 2, 3) >>> b = tuple_add3(a) …
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726 from py2neo import authenticate, Graph, Node, Relationship authenticate("localhost:7474", "n…
791/1068
727 def get_autocomplete(text): query = """ start n = node(*) where n.name =~ '(?i)%s.*' return…
792/1068
728 where l.name='Donald Trump' MATCH (n:NewsArticle)-[]->(m) with m,count(n) as num where num…
793/1068
729 #! /usr/bin/env python class Node: definit (self, cargo=None, next=None): self.car = cargo…
794/1068
730 class Foo(object): def init (self): self. bar = None @property def bar(self): if self. b…
795/1068
731 >>> wallet = Cash(2.50) >>> print(wallet.formatted) $2.50 >>> print(wallet.value) 2.5 >>…
796/1068
732 def getY (self): return self._y def setY (self, value): self._y = 1000 + value # Weird but…
797/1068
733 a2.x = 7 a2.y = 8 a1.t = 77 a1.u = 88 print (a1.x, a1.y, a1.y2) print (a2.x, a2.y, a2.y2)…
798/1068
734 x = True y = True z = x and y # z = True x = True y = False z = x and y # z = False x …
799/1068
735 x = True y = not x # y = False x = False y = not x # y = True >>> def true_func(): ... pr…
800/1068
736 def or_(a, b): if a: return a else: return b def and_(a, b): if not a: return a el…
801/1068
737 # 60 = 0b111100 # 30 = 0b011110 60 & 30 # Out: 28 # 28 = 0b11100 bin(60 & 30) # Out: 0…
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738 #60=0b111100 #30=0b011110 60 | 30 # Out: 62 # 62 = 0b111110 bin(60 | 30) # Out: 0b111…
803/1068
739 3 << 4 # Out: 48 # 8 = 0b1000 8 >> 2 # Out: 2 # 2 = 0b10 bin(8 >> 2) # Out: 0b10 36 …
804/1068
740 # 0 = 0b0000 0000 ~0 # Out: -1 # -1 = 0b1111 1111 # 1 = 0b0000 0001 ~1 # Out: -2 # -2 =…
805/1068
741 # -0 = 0b0000 0000 ~-0 # Out: -1 # -1 = 0b1111 1111 # 0 is the obvious exception to this r…
806/1068
742 import operator # contains 2 argument arithmetic functions for the examples a, b = 1, 2 # Us…
807/1068
743 [1, 2, 3] + [4, 5,6] # = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] "first string " + "second string" # = 'first stri…
808/1068
744 3 * 'ab' # = 'ababab' 3 * ('a', 'b') # = ('a', 'b', 'a', 'b', 'a', 'b') a, b, c, d, e = 3, 2…
809/1068
745 from operator import truediv truediv(a, b) # = 1.5 # = 1.5 # = 1.5 float(a) / b a / flo…
810/1068
746 # does so more efficiently # 0, calculates (2 ** 3) % 2, but as per Python docs, a, b, c = 2…
811/1068
747 # optional base argument. Default is math.e math.log(5, math.e) # = 1.6094379124341003 cma…
812/1068
748 a, b = 1, 2 import math math.sin(a) # returns the sine of 'a' in radians # Out: 0.84147098…
813/1068
749 quotient, remainder = divmod(9, 4) # quotient = 2, remainder = 1 as 4 * 2 + 1 == 9 O utiliza…
814/1068
750 import cProfile def f(x): return "42!" cProfile.run('f(12)') import cProfile, pstats, St…
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751 3 function calls in 0.000 seconds Ordered by: standard name $ kernprof -l script_to_profile…
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752 $ python -m timeit '"-".join(str(n) for n in range(100))' 10000 loops, best of 3: 40.3 usec …
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753 import os os.path.join('a', 'b', 'c') >>> os.path.join('a', 'b', 'c') 'a\b\c' >>> os.pat…
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754 >>> p = os.path.join(os.getcwd(), 'foo.txt') >>> p '/Users/csaftoiu/tmp/foo.txt' >>> os.pat…
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755 symlink = dirname + 'some_sym_link' os.path.islink(symlink) mount_path = '/home' os.path.…
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756 orders_df = pd.DataFrame() orders_df['customer_id'] = [1,1,1,1,1,2,2,3,3,3,3,3] orders_df['o…
821/1068
757 that is called 'number_of_orders_per_cient' orders_df # Take the original dataframe .groupby…
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758 each group separately #Inspecting the results... print(orders_df) # customer_id order_id i…
823/1068
759 from types import MethodType class Animal(object): def init (self, *args, **kwargs): self.n…
824/1068
760 generic_animal = Animal() king_cobra = Animal(name='King Cobra', walk=snake_walk) elephant =…
825/1068
761 class Singleton(object): def new (cls): # hasattr methodchecksif the class object an instan…
826/1068
762 from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethod class Music(): metaclass = ABCMeta @abstractmetho…
827/1068
763 class Proxy: def init (self, current_user, reservation_service): self.current_user = curren…
828/1068
764 BENEFICIOS • estamos evitando cualquier cambio en ReservationService cuando se cambianlas r…
829/1068
765 In [1]: import string In [2]: %%timeit s=""; long_list=list(string.ascii_letters)*50 ....: f…
830/1068
766 $ kernprof -lv so6.py Wrote profile results to so6.py.lprof Timer unit: 4.27654e-07 s Tota…
831/1068
767 $ python -m cProfile -s time main.py • filename:lineno(function) : proporciona los datos resp…
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768 data={'a':'some_value', 'b':[9,4,7], 'c':['some_str','another_str','spam','ham'], 'd':{'ke…
833/1068
769 import pickle file=open('filename','rb') #file object in binary read mode data=pickle.load(…
834/1068
770 Capítulo 156: pip: PyPI Package Manager Introducción pip es el gestor de paquetes más utiliz…
835/1068
771 $ pip install SomePackage $ pip install SomePackage==1.0.4 $ pip install SomePackage>=1.0.4 …
836/1068
772 $ pip list # example output docutils (0.9.1) Jinja2 (2.6) Pygments (1.5) Sphinx (1.1.2) …
837/1068
773 for /F "delims= " %i in ('pip list --outdated --local') do pip install -U %i pip freeze > req…
838/1068
774 \path\to\that\python.exe -m pip install some_package # on Windows OR /usr/bin/python25 -m pip…
839/1068
775 win_amd64 - y luego la versión de Python debe coincidir, es decir, para Python 34, el nombre d…
840/1068
776 > py -3.5-32 -m venv demo-pip > demo-pip\Scripts\activate.bat > python -m pip install -U pip…
841/1068
777 Using cached Jinja2-2.9.6-py2.py3-none-any.whl Collecting Pygments>=2.0 (from Sphinx==1.7.de…
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778 versiones anteriores y volver a intentarlo.
843/1068
779 from string import Template data = dict(item = "candy", price = 8, qty = 2) # define the te…
844/1068
780 class Shape: """ This is a parent class that is intended to be inherited by other classes …
845/1068
781 class Square: side_length = 2 def calculate_square_area(self): return self.side_length ** …
846/1068
782 class Duck: def quack(self): print("Quaaaaaack!") def feathers(self): print("The duck has…
847/1068
783 La salida es: Quaaaaaack! El pato tiene plumas blancas y grises. La persona imita a un pat…
848/1068
784 import psycopg2 # Establish a connection to the existing database 'my_database' using # the…
849/1068
785 # OUTPUT: [(1, 'John', 'Doe'), (2, 'Jane', 'Doe')]
850/1068
786 Capítulo 160: Precedencia del operador Introducción Los operadores de Python tienen un orden…
851/1068
787 >>> a, b, c, d = 2, 3, 5, 7 >>> a ** (b + c) # parentheses 256 >>> a * b ** c # exponent: …
852/1068
788 import threading import time def process(): time.sleep(2) start = time.time() process(…
853/1068
789 import threading import time def somefunc(i): return i * i def otherfunc(m, i): return…
854/1068
790 import threading import os def process(): print("Pid is %s, thread id is %s" % (os.getpid(…
855/1068
791 import threading obj = {} obj_lock = threading.Lock() def objify(key, val): print("Obj has…
856/1068
792 shared_num.value += 1 ps = [multiprocessing.Process(target=increment) for n in range(4)] fo…
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793 s=lambda x:x*x s(2) =>4 name_lengths = map(len, ["Mary", "Isla", "Sam"]) print(name_lengt…
858/1068
794 # outputs[5,6] arr=[1,2,3,4,5,6] [ifori infilter(lambda x:x>4,arr)] Filtro toma una función…
859/1068
795 Capítulo 163: Programación IoT con Python y Raspberry PI Examples Ejemplo - sensor de temp…
860/1068
796 R1 es una resistencia de 4.7k ohmios para elevar el nivel de voltaje 1. Vcc debe conectarse a…
861/1068
797 import glob import time RATE = 30 sensor_dirs = glob.glob("/sys/bus/w1/devices/28*") if l…
862/1068
798 pip install pytest # projectroot/module/code.py def add(a, b): return a + b # projectroot…
863/1068
799 # projectroot/tests/test_code.py from module import code def test_add failing(): assert co…
864/1068
800 # projectroot/tests/test_stuff.py import pytest from module import stuff def test_foo_upda…
865/1068
801 @pytest.fixture def prepped_stuff(): my_stuff = stuff.Stuff() my_stuff.prep() return my_…
866/1068
802 # projectroot/module/stuff.py class Stuff(object): def prep(self): self.foo = 1 self.bar…
867/1068
803 ¡Y eso concluye la Introducción a los Aparatos de Prueba! Para obtener más información, consu…
868/1068
804 """PyAudio Example: Play a wave file (callback version).""" import pyaudio import wave im…
869/1068
805 import pyaudio import wave import sys CHUNK = 1024 if len(sys.argv) < 2: print("Plays a…
870/1068
806 Para usar PyAudio, primero cree una instancia de PyAudio usando pyaudio.PyAudio () (1), que …
871/1068
807 pip install pygame Capítulo 166: pygame Introducción Pygame es la biblioteca de acceso para…
872/1068
808 pygame.mixer.init(frequency=22050, size=-16, channels=2, buffer=4096) Descarga directa desde …
873/1068
809 de inmediato. Para saber cuántos canales se están utilizando actualmente, llame a pygame.mix…
874/1068
810 import pyglet window = pyglet.window.Window() label = pyglet.text.Label('Hello, world', fon…
875/1068
811 import pyglet from pyglet.gl import * win = pyglet.window.Window() glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER…
876/1068
812 pip install pyinstaller Capítulo 168: PyInstaller - Distribuir código de Python Sintaxis …
877/1068
813 desarrollo de la página de descargas de PyInstaller . Expandaelarchivoyencuentreel scriptsetu…
878/1068
814 carpeta. Otra ventaja se siente durante las actualizaciones. Si hay algunos cambios en el cód…
879/1068
815 from ply import lex import ply.yacc as yacc tokens = ( 'PLUS', 'MINUS', 'TIMES', 'DIV',…
880/1068
816 'NUMBER', ) t_ignore = ' \t' t_PLUS = r'\+' t_MINUS = r'-' t_TIMES = r'\*' t_DIV = r'/…
881/1068
817 import ply.lex as lex # List of token names. This is always required tokens = [ 'NUMBER', …
882/1068
818 tokens = [ 'NUMBER', 'PLUS', 'MINUS', 'TIMES', 'DIVIDE', 'LPAREN', 'RPAREN', ] Guarde…
883/1068
819 def t_NUMBER(t): r'\d+' t.value = int(t.value) return t def t_newline(t): r'\n+' t.le…
884/1068
820 t_ignore_COMMENT = r'\#.*' t_ignore = ' \t' # ignores spaces andtabs literals = [ '+', '-', …
885/1068
821 # Build the lexer # m = MyLexer() m.build() m.test("3 + 4") # Build the lexer def bui…
886/1068
822 def p_expression_plus(p): 'expression : expression PLUS term' def p_expression_minus(p): 'e…
887/1068
823 p[0] = p[1] + p[3] def p_binary_operators(p): '''expression : expression PLUS term | expres…
888/1068
824 precedence = ( ('nonassoc', 'LESSTHAN', 'GREATERTHAN'), # Nonassociative operators ('left',…
889/1068
825 from requests import post foo = post('http://httpbin.org/post', data = {'key':'value'}) prin…
890/1068
826 foo = post('http://httpbin.org/post', data = {'key':'value'}, verify=False) foo = post('http:…
891/1068
827 from requests import post files = {'file' : open('data.txt', 'rb')} foo = post('http://http…
892/1068
828 from requests import post foo = post('http://natas0.natas.labs.overthewire.org', auth=('natas…
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829 foo = get('http://test.com/admin', auth=CustomAuth('SecretHeader', 'CustomUserAgent', 'user', …
894/1068
830 import os, sys from openpyxl import Workbook from datetime import datetime dt = datetime.n…
895/1068
831 workbook = opx.load_workbook(workbook_path, read_only=True) first_sheet = workbook.worksheets…
896/1068
832 {'name': 'Sit', 'value': 8}, {'name': 'Amet', 'value': 32} ] # excel file path xls_file =…
897/1068
833 pip install xlrd Lee los datos de excel usando el módulo xlrd La biblioteca xlrd de Python e…
898/1068
834 import xlrd book=xlrd.open_workbook('sample.xlsx') print book.nsheets print book.sheet_nam…
899/1068
835 # set the width of column A worksheet.set_column('A:A', 30, ) # set column B to 20 and incl…
900/1068
836 Capítulo 172: Recolección de basura Observaciones Ensunúcleo,elrecolectordebasuradePython(ap…
901/1068
837 /* Break reference cycles by clearing the containers involved. This is * tricky business as t…
902/1068
838 /* list of uncollectable objects */ static PyObject *garbage = NULL; y establecemos una ins…
903/1068
839 >>> def bar(): return Track() >>> t = bar() Initialized >>> another_t = t # assign anothe…
904/1068
840 >>> objs = [Track() for _ in range(10)] Initialized Initialized Initialized Initialized…
905/1068
841 >>> import sys >>> sys.getrefcount(1) 797 >>> a = 1 >>> b = 1 >>> sys.getrefcount(1) 7…
906/1068
842 import ctypes deallocated = 12345 ctypes.pythonapi._Py_Dealloc(ctypes.py_object(deallocated…
907/1068
843 import gc gc.collect() >>> f = open("test.txt") >>> del f entonces se procesará la genera…
908/1068
844 >>> with open("test.txt") as f: ... pass ... # do something with f >>> #now the f object st…
909/1068
845 from PIL import Image import sys import pyocr import pyocr.builders tools = pyocr.get_ava…
910/1068
846 txt = tool.image_to_string( Image.open('test.png'), lang=lang, builder=pyocr.builders.Tex…
911/1068
847 n = 0 for i in range (1, n+1): n += i def recursion(n): if n == 1: return 1 return n +…
912/1068
848 def factorial(n): if n == 0: return 1 else: return n * factorial(n - 1) que ese número.…
913/1068
849 def factorial(n): if n == 0: return 1 elif n == 1: return 1 else: return n * factoria…
914/1068
850 def factorial(n): product = 1 while n > 1: product *= n n -= 1 return product def fib…
915/1068
851 def fib(n): if n <= 1: return (n,0) else: (a, b) = fib(n - 1) return (a + b, a) root …
916/1068
852 def list_tree_names(node): for child in get_children(node): print(get_name(child)) list_t…
917/1068
853 def countdown(n): if n == 0: print "Blastoff!" else: print n countdown(n-1) def find_…
918/1068
854 @tail_call_optimized def factorial(n, acc=1): "calculate a factorial" if n == 0: return …
919/1068
855 import socket serversocket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) serversocket…
920/1068
856 from sockerserver import BaseRequestHandler, TCPServer class EchoHandler(BaseRequestHandler):…
921/1068
857 >>> from socket import socket, AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM >>> sock = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM) >>…
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858
923/1068
859 sum([1,2,3]) # = 6 ''.join(['Hello', ',', ' World']) # = 'Hello,World' # First falsy item: …
924/1068
860 def add(s1, s2): return s1 + s2 asequence = [1, 2, 3] reduce(add, asequence) # equivalent …
925/1068
861 import operator reduce(operator.mul, [10, 5, -3]) # Out: -150 import operator # non short…
926/1068
862 object -> string -> object def repr (self): return "Card(%s, %d)" % (self.suit, self.pips) …
927/1068
863 class Card: def init (self, suit, pips): self.suit = suit self.pips = pips ace_of_spades…
928/1068
864 string_of_card = str(ace_of_spades) print(string_of_card) class Card: def init (self, suit…
929/1068
865 ace_of_spades = Card('Spades', 1) print(ace_of_spades) Ace of Spades my_hand = [ace_of_spa…
930/1068
866 class Card: special_names = {1:'Ace', 11:'Jack', 12:'Queen', 13:'King'} def init (self, suit…
931/1068
867 print(four_of_clubs. repr ()) # 4 of Clubs (R) print(four_of_clubs. str ()) # 4 of Clubs (S) …
932/1068
868 class Card: special_names = {1:'Ace', 11:'Jack', 12:'Queen', 13:'King'} def init (self, suit…
933/1068
869 a = 7 if a > 5: print "foo" else: print "bar" print "done" if True: print "true" if…
934/1068
870 if foo: if bar: x = 42 ¿Espacios o pestañas? La sangría recomendada es de 4 espacios, pero…
935/1068
871 se analiza como: <if> <foo> <:> [0] <INDENT> <if> <bar> <:> [0, 4] <INDENT> <x> <=> <42> [0…
936/1068
872 "This is a string" b"This is a buffer of bytes" import hashlib h = hashlib.new('sha256') h…
937/1068
873 import hashlib hashlib.algorithms_available # ==> {'sha256', 'DSA-SHA', 'SHA512', 'SHA224',…
938/1068
874 import hashlib hasher = hashlib.new('sha256') with open('myfile', 'r') as f: contents = f.…
939/1068
875 salt = encrypted[0:SALT_SIZE] derived = hashlib.pbkdf2_hmac('sha256', password, salt, 100000,…
940/1068
876 with open('pubkey.pem', 'rb') as f: key = RSA.importKey(f.read()) hasher = SHA256.new(messa…
941/1068
877 Nota : Los ejemplos anteriores utilizan el esquema de cifrado OPAP PKCS # 1. pycrypto también …
942/1068
878 Capítulo 180: Serialización de datos Sintaxis • unpickled_string = pickle.loads (cadena) • …
943/1068
879 import json families = (['John'], ['Mark', 'David', {'name': 'Avraham'}]) # Dumping it into…
944/1068
880 Consulte Pickle para obtener información detallada acerca de Pickle. ADVERTENCIA : La documen…
945/1068
881 Capítulo 181: Serialización de datos de salmuera Sintaxis • pickle.dump (objeto, archivo, …
946/1068
882 import pickle # An arbitrary collection of objects supported by pickle. data = { 'a': [1, …
947/1068
883 serialized_data = pickle.dumps(data, pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL) # type(serialized_data) is byt…
948/1068
884 todos los valores: {'important_data': self.important_data} . ¡Elconstructornosellama!Tengaenc…
949/1068
885 python -m SimpleHTTPServer 9000 python -m http.server 9000 import sys import BaseHTTPServer…
950/1068
886 import SimpleHTTPServer import SocketServer PORT = 8000 handler = SimpleHTTPServer.SimpleH…
951/1068
887 def test(HandlerClass = SimpleHTTPRequestHandler, ServerClass =BaseHTTPServer.HTTPServer): …
952/1068
888 |UDPServer| ------->|UnixDatagramServer| +-----------+ +--------------------+ +-------------…
953/1068
889 $ curl http://localhost/ received get request% $ curl -X POST http://localhost/ received po…
954/1068
890 from distutils.core import setup setup(name='foo', version='1.0', py_modules=['foo'], ) …
955/1068
891 python setup.py install greetings/ greetings/ init .py hello_world.py python greetings/…
956/1068
892 from setuptools import setup, find_packages setup( setup_requires=['setuptools_scm'], use_…
957/1068
893 python setup.py build_sphinx initialize_options y finalize_options se ejecutarán antes y desp…
958/1068
894 2 in [2, 3] {'0': 2, '1': 3} Capítulo 184: Similitudes en la sintaxis, diferencias en el s…
959/1068
895 import math class Vector(object): # instantiation def init (self, x, y): self.x = x sel…
960/1068
896 class sparselist(object): def init (self, size): self.size = size self.data = {} # l[ind…
961/1068
897 class adder(object): def init (self, first): self.first = first # a(...) def call (self, …
962/1068
898 >>> x = NotAddable(1) >>> y = Addable(2) >>> x + x Traceback (most recent call last): Fil…
963/1068
899 class A: def init (self, a): self.a = a def add (self, other): return self.a + other de…
964/1068
900 Como no hay nada especial en estos métodos, muchas otras partes del lenguaje, partes de la b…
965/1068
901 server = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET,socket.SOCK_STREAM) host = raw_input("Server Address T…
966/1068
902 try: #setting up socket server = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET,socket.SOCK_STREAM) server.b…
967/1068
903 #encrypting session key and public key E = server_public_key.encrypt(encrypto,16) en = eval…
968/1068
904 ideaEncrypt = IDEA.new(key, IDEA.MODE_CTR, counter=lambda : key) eMsg = ideaEncrypt.encrypt(w…
969/1068
905 from CryptoPlus.Cipher import IDEA #server address and port number input from admin host= r…
970/1068
906 import time import socket import threading import hashlib import itertools import sy…
971/1068
907 #public key and private key random_generator = Random.new().read key =RSA.generate(1024,ran…
972/1068
908 print (msg) print ("\n-----DECRYPTEDSESSION KEY-------") print (en_digest) print("\n-----HA…
973/1068
909 usage: sub <command> commands: status - showstatus list - print list """ usage: sub <co…
974/1068
910 usage: sub <command> commands: status - showstatus list - print list import argparse i…
975/1068
911 argparse (formateador de ayuda personalizado) Versión extendida de http://www.levcode.com/pyt…
976/1068
912 usage: sub <command> commands: status - showstatus list - print list Salida sin argument…
977/1068
913 import sys from sys import exit raise RuntimeError("expected 3 command line arguments") f =…
978/1068
914 # Error messages should not go to standard output, if possible. print('ERROR: We have no che…
979/1068
915 import tempfile with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(delete=False) as t: t.write('Hello World!'…
980/1068
916
981/1068
917 import typing T = typing.TypeVar("T") def get_first_element(l: typing.Sequence[T]) -> T: "…
982/1068
918 print(two_sum(2, 1)) # result: 3 print(two_sum("a", "b")) # result: "ab" def two_sum(a: int,…
983/1068
919 class A: x = None # type: float def init (self, x: float) -> None: """ self should not be…
984/1068
920 x: int print( annotations ) # {'x': <class 'int'>} class C: s: str print(C. annotations …
985/1068
921 float_num = 10.2 #float value complex_num = 3.14j #complex value long_num = 1234567L #long …
986/1068
922 tuple = (123,'hello') tuple1 = ('world') print(tuple) #will output whole tuple. (123,'hello…
987/1068
923 foo = "bar" foo[0] = "c" # Error foo = ("bar", 1, "Hello!",) foo[1] = 2 # ERROR!! foo = f…
988/1068
924 from Tkinter import * # Capitalized from tkinter import * # Lowercase try: from Tkinter imp…
989/1068
925 Gerentes de geometría Tkinter tiene tres mecanismos para la gestión de la geometría: place , …
990/1068
926 from tkinter import * class GridExample(Frame): def init (self,master): Frame. init(self,m…
991/1068
927 ¡Nunca mezcle el pack y la griddentro del mismo marco! ¡Al hacerlo se producirá un interbloq…
992/1068
928 Capítulo 194: Trabajando alrededor del bloqueo global de intérpretes (GIL) Observaciones ¿…
993/1068
929 bibliotecas de procesamiento de imágenes y las operaciones de procesamiento de números numpy…
994/1068
930 from threading import Thread import time def countdown(n): while n > 0: n -= 1 COUNT = …
995/1068
931 from threading import Thread import time def countdown(n): while n > 0: n -= 1 COUNT = …
996/1068
932 Es así de simple, siempre y cuando estés usando cython. Tenga en cuenta que la documentación …
997/1068
933 import zipfile filename = 'zipfile.zip' zip = zipfile.ZipFile(filename) print(zip) # <zi…
998/1068
934 with zipfile.ZipFile(filename) as zip: zip.printdir() with zipfile.ZipFile(filename) as zip…
999/1068
935 import zipfile new_arch=zipfile.ZipFile("filename.zip",mode="w") new_arch.write('filename.t…
1000/1068
936 plt.plot(x, y) plt.show() # sine function # Plotting tutorials in Python # Launching a si…
1001/1068
937 # Plotting tutorials in Python # Enhancing a plot import numpy as np import matplotlib.pyp…
1002/1068
938 # Plotting tutorials in Python # Adding Multiple plots by superimposition # Good for plots …
1003/1068
939 # Plotting tutorials in Python # Adding Multiple plots by superimposition # Good for plots s…
1004/1068
940 # Plotting tutorials in Python # Adding Multiple plots by twin x axis # Good for plots havin…
1005/1068
941 # replicate axes object and plot curves # use axes to set attributes # Note: # Grid for se…
1006/1068
942 # Plotting tutorials in Python # Adding Multiple plots by twin y axis # Good for plots havin…
1007/1068
943 fig, ax1 = plt.subplots() # Duplicate the axes with a different x axis # and the same y axi…
1008/1068
944
1009/1068
945 x = (1, 2, 3) x[0] # 1 x[1] # 2 x[2] # 3 x[3] # IndexError: tuple index out of range Capí…
1010/1068
946 >>> t = (1, 4, 9) >>> t[0] = 2 Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, …
1011/1068
947 { (1, 2)} # ok { ([], {"hello"}) ) # not ok t = 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e' t = ('a', 'b', 'c',…
1012/1068
948 a = 1, 2, 3 # a is the tuple (1, 2, 3) a = (1, 2, 3) # a is the tuple (1, 2, 3) a = 1 # a is…
1013/1068
949 first, *more, last = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) # first ==1 # more == [2, 3, 4] # last == 5 colors =…
1014/1068
950 len(tuple1) Out: 5 max(tuple1) Out: 'e' max(tuple2) Out: '3' min(tuple1) Out: 'a' …
1015/1068
951 tuple1 + tuple2 Out: ('a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', '1', '2', '3') Concatenación de tuplas Usa +…
1016/1068
952 >>> u'□'.encode('utf-8') '\xf0\x9f\x90\x8d' >>> b'\xf0\x9f\x90\x8d'.decode('utf-8') u'\U0…
1017/1068
953 type("f") == type(u"f") # True, <class 'str'> type(b"f") # <class 'bytes'> type("f") == typ…
1018/1068
954 >>> print type(u"£13.55".encode('utf8')) <type 'str'> >>> print u"£13.55".encode('utf8') S…
1019/1068
955 >>> "£13.55".encode('ascii', errors='replace') b'?13.55' >>> "£13.55".encode('ascii', error…
1020/1068
956 open(fn, mode='wb') # open file for writing bytes # ERROR: cannot write string when bytes is …
1021/1068
957 import urllib response = urllib.urlopen('http://stackoverflow.com/documentation/') print res…
1022/1068
958 import urllib query_parms = {'username':'stackoverflow', 'password':'me.me'} encoded_parms …
1023/1068
959 html = data.decode(encoding)
1024/1068
960 def func(params): for value in params: print ('Got value {}'.format(value)) if value == 1: …
1025/1068
961 Capítulo 202: Uso del módulo "pip": PyPI Package Manager Introducción A veces es posible q…
1026/1068
962 import pip command = 'install' parameter = 'selenium' second_param = 'numpy' # You can giv…
1027/1068
963 Fuerza de instalación Muchos paquetes, por ejemplo, en la versión 3.4 se ejecutarán en 3.6 mu…
1028/1068
964 def list_check(to_check, the_list): for item in the_list: if to_check == item: return Tru…
1029/1068
965 class Deque: def init (self): self.items = [] def isEmpty(self): return self.items == [] …
1030/1068
966 Eliminar: O (n) Girar: O (k) Establecer operaciones Operación: Caso promedio (asume paráme…
1031/1068
967 del tiempo de los algoritmos. 1. Θ Notación : la notación theta limita las funciones desde ar…
1032/1068
968 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt # Generate some data for plotting. x = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6…
1033/1068
969 import numpy as np # numpy used to create data from plotting import seaborn as sns # common …
1034/1068
970 # Using previously created imports and data. # Use a dark background with no grid. sns.set_…
1035/1068
971 # Using previously created data and style # Access to matplotlib commands import matplotlib…
1036/1068
972 MayaVI MayaVI es una herramienta de visualización 3D para datos científicos. Utiliza el kit d…
1037/1068
973 Plotly Plotly es una plataforma moderna para el trazado y visualización de datos. Útil para p…
1038/1068
974 import plotly.graph_objs as go import plotly as ply # Create random data with numpy impor…
1039/1068
975
1040/1068
976 Capítulo 205: Web raspado con Python Introducción El raspado web es un proceso automatizado …
1041/1068
977 # For Python 2 compatibility. from future import print_function import lxml.html import re…
1042/1068
978 scrapy startproject projectName import scrapy class StackOverflowSpider(scrapy.Spider): nam…
1043/1068
979 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup import requests # Use the requests module to obtain a page r…
1044/1068
980 from urllib.request import urlopen response = urlopen('http://stackoverflow.com/questions?sor…
1045/1068
981 import asyncio from aiohttp import ClientSession class EchoWebSocket(ClientSession): URL =…
1046/1068
982 python -m pip install autobahn from autobahn.asyncio.websocket import WebSocketServerProtocol…
1047/1068
983 '''When creating server protocol, the user defined class inheriting the WebSocketServerPro…
1048/1068
984
1049/1068
985 Creditos S. No Capítulos Contributors 1 Empezando con Python Language A. Raza, Aaron Cr…
1050/1068
986 user2314737, user2853437, user312016, Utsav T, vaichidrewar, vasili111, Vin, W.Wong, weewooq…
1051/1068
987 abstracta 16 Archivos y carpetas I / O Ajean, Anthony Pham, avb, Benjamin Hodgson, Bharel, …
1052/1068
988 Jadhav, tobias_k, Vlad Shcherbina, Will 26 ChemPy - paquete de python Biswa_9937 27 Clases…
1053/1068
989 Piersall, Conrad.Dean, Elazar, evuez, J F, James, Or East, pylang, RahulHP, RamenChef, Simpl…
1054/1068
990 56 Diccionario Amir Rachum, Anthony Pham, APerson, ArtOfCode, BoppreH, Burhan Khalid, Chris…
1055/1068
991 RamenChef, Régis B., Sebastian Schrader, Serenity, Shantanu Alshi, Shrey Gupta, Simon Fraser…
1056/1068
992 79 Explotación florestal Gal Dreiman, Jörn Hees, sxnwlfkk 80 Exposiciónción Anthony Pham, int…
1057/1068
993 , Elodin, Emma, EsmaeelE, Ffisegydd, Gal Dreiman, ghostarbeiter, Hurkyl, J F, James, Jeffrey…
1058/1068
994 BusyAnt, Casebash, Christian Ternus, Community, Conrad.Dean, Daniel, Dartmouth, Esteis, Ffis…
1059/1068
995 Sharabani, SashaZd, Sayed M Ahamad, SuperBiasedMan, theheadofabroom, user2314737, yurib 102…
1060/1068
996 ghostarbeiter, Igor Raush, intboolstring, J F, j3485, jalanb, James, James Elderfield, jani,…
1061/1068
997 116 Llama a Python desde C # Julij Jegorov 115 Listas enlazadas Nemo 117 Maldiciones básica…
1062/1068
998 Shrey Gupta, Simplans, SuperBiasedMan, theheadofabroom, user1349663, user2314737, Veedrac, W…
1063/1068
999 138 Módulo operador MSeifert 139 módulo pyautogui Damien, Rednivrug 140 Módulo Sqlite3 Chinm…
1064/1068
1000 los resultados. 153 Patrones de diseño Charul, denvaar, djaszczurowski 154 Perfilado J F, k…
1065/1068
1001 172 Recolección de basura bogdanciobanu, Claudiu, Conrad.Dean, Elazar, FazeL, J F, James…
1066/1068
1002 mensajes entre el cliente y el servidor 187 Subcomandos CLI con salida de ayuda preci…
1067/1068
1003 202 Uso del módulo "pip": PyPI Package Manager Zydnar 203 Velocidad de Python del pr…
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