Chandrayaan3 Mission - Space the final Frontier

Chandrayaan3 Mission - Space the final Frontier

• 1. Chandrayaan3 Mission

• 2. Scientific Motivation for Indian Lunar Exploration • Airless body à All the wavelengths unhindered (since no thick atmosphere) • No Global Magnetic Fieldà Exposed directly to the solar wind (H+, He++, other ions PLUS electrons) Picture courtesy: T J Stubbs Domains for Study: Elemental composition, mineralogy, geology; Exosphere studies; Particle environment

• 3. q HYSI q TMC q LLRI qHEX qMIP q C1xS q SARA q M3 q Mini-SAR Indian European-Indian United States q SIR-2 qRADOM European Orbiter High Resolution Camera (OHRC) Terrain Mapping Camera – 2 (TMC-2) Chandrayaan-2 Large Area Soft X-ray Spectrometer (CLASS) Solar X-ray Monitor (XSM) Imaging Infra-Red Spectrometer (IIRS) Dual frequency Synthetic Aperture Radar (DFSAR) Chandra’s Atmospheric Composition Explorer – 2 (CHACE-2) Dual Frequency Radio Science Experiment (DFRS) Chandrayaan-1 (2008) Chandrayaan-2 (2019) Chandrayaan-3 (2023) “Chemical, mineralogical, geologic mapping of the Moon” “Ground truth of the surface and near-surface properties at the landing site” India’s Lunar Science Programme: Scientific Rationale Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA) Radio Anatomy of Moon Bound Hypersensitive ionosphere and Atmosphere (RAMBHA) – Langmuir Probe (RAMBHA-LP) Chandra’s Surface Thermo-physical Experiment (ChaSTE) Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS) Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS) Spectro-polarimetry of HAbitable Planet Earth (SHAPE)

• 4. From Chandrayaan-1 to Chandrayaan-2 Ch-1 payloads Specifications Ch-2 payloads Improved Specifications Enhanced science HySI SIR-2 M3 32 spectral bands 0.93 - 2.4 micron 0.7 – 3.0 micron IIRS 256 spectral bands, 0.8 to 5.0 micron; Res. 0.020-0.025 micron Unambiguous detection of OH, water and water-ice signatures. Mini-SAR S-band, circular polarimetry DFSAR L and S band Greater depth of penetration (~5-10m i.e twice that of S-band); circular and fullpolarimetry ChACE-1 on MIP 1-100 amu; short duration CHACE-2 1-300 amu; continuous Global dynamics of exospheric species C1XS 0.5 – 10 keV CLASS 0.8 – 15 keV, ~ 3 times larger area, 12.5 km resolution High resolution elemental maps, minor elements detection, geotail studies SXM 1–20 keV; 250 eV at 6 keV XSM 1 – 15 keV; ~180 eV @5.89 keV Better resolution and high cadence TMC-1 Panchromatic TMC-2 + OHRC Miniaturised version & HiresMass reduction & high-res imaging RO Experiment Single freq – S band DFRS Dual freq.- S and X bands Vertical profiling of ionosphere, electron density measurements, mitigation of scintillation effects

• 5. From Chandrayaan-2 (global) to Chandrayaan-3 (in-situ) RAMBHA-LP (measurement of the near-surface plasma) APXS and LIBS (Elemental Composition of the surface) CHASTE (Thermophysical properties of the regolith) ILSA (Moon-quakes, ground acceleration) DFRS (RO experiment) CLASS + XSM (Surface elemental composition) CHACE-2 (Exospheric neutral Composition) DF-SAR & IIRS (Subsurface hydration, surface roughness, surface hydration) Complementary obs. Ground truth on elemental composition Internal release Neutral-to-plasma connection Local in-situ observations, plus looking for any variations of properties in the vicinity of the landing site Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter Payloads Chandrayaan-3 Lander and Rover Payloads

• 6. Improvements in Chandrayaan-3 Lander Sensors Propulsion System Improvements in NGC Re-work on touchdown limits Software Hardware Redundancy Exhaustive Simulations & Ground Tests Improved Mission Plan Improvements in Propulsion Module Based on the lessons learnt from Chandrayaan-2 Lander

• 7. Choice of the Landing Site of Chandrayaan-3 Scientific Technological 1. Higher latitudes are relatively unexplored 2. Unique condition – Sun shines at grazing angle à lesser deposition of energy, solar wind ions and electrons 3. Scientifically interesting Topography 1. Conditions on global slope 2. Conditions on the sizes of boulders and crates 3. Shadow analysis; power generation 4. Communication with Earth 69.3 S, 32.3 E

• 8. The Journey of Chandrayaan-3 July 14, 2023, at 14:35 Hrs. IST from the Second Launch Pad, SDSC-SHAR, Sriharikota

• 9. The Journey of Chandrayaan-3 (contd.) Orbits are not up to the scale

• 10. Landing Sequence of Chandrayaan-3

• 11. 23 August, 2023, Wednesday, 18:04 IST Achieved soft landing on the Moon India: The 1st country to have soft-landed in higher lunar latitude The 4h country to have soft-landed on the Moon 69.3 S, 32.3 E ShivShakti Point

• 12. Chandrayaan-3 Mission Update Vikram Lander on Lunar Surface: Picture taken by the Pragyan Rover Total distance travelled by Pragyan: ~ 101 m Original Mission Objectives • To soft-land the lunar lander-rover module on the pre-determined landing site at the Southern higher latitudes of the Moon • Demonstration of the rover movement on the lunar surface Extended Mission Accomplishments • Demonstration of hopping of the lander by re-firing the engines – Sep 3, 2023 • Return of the propulsion module (PM) to the Earth’s orbit Preliminary steps towards Lunar Sample Return Mission Trajectory of the PM’s return to Earth’s orbit Aug 23, 2023: Ch-3 soft-landed on Moon Pre and Post hop ramp images captured by LI-1 cam

• 13. First-Cut Observations from Chandrayaan-3 1. First-ever detection of S on the lunar regolith, along with trace constituents like C, N P Ti, Mn, Cr, Ni; quantification in progress 2. First-ever temperature profiling of the lunar regolith up to ~ 10 cm depth, results show good thermal insulating properties of the lunar soil 3. A few events of ground vibrations of the lunar surface are recorded 4. First-ever characterization of the near-surface lunar plasma at higher lunar latitude; indicate that only a few tens to hundreds of electrons per cc; dependence on local time (detailed analyses in progress) Elemental composition Temperature profile Vibration event

• 14. Thank You for Kind Attention