HUMAN SEXUALITY.pdf

HUMAN SEXUALITY.pdf

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HUMAN SEXUALITY.pdf

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Current
Directions
in
HUMAN
SEXUALITY
AND INTIMATE
RELATIONSHIPS

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Current
Directions
in
Allyn & Bacon
Boston • New York • San Francisco
Mexico City • Montrea…

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Acquisitions Editor: Michelle Limoges
Series Editorial Assistant: Lisa Dotson
Marketing Manager: …

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Contents
Introduction 1
Section 1: Theory and Methodology 5
Lisa M. Diamond
Emerging Perspectiv…

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Section 3: Sex Differences 81
David F. Bjorklund, Todd K. Shackelford
Differences in Parental Inv…

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Jeffry A. Simpson
Psychological Foundations of Trust
(Vol. 16, No. 5, 2007, pp. 264–268) 160
Ga…

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Introduction
Sex and intimacy both play crucial roles in our lives. Not only are these
processes …

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self-report, all factors that ultimately affect the relationship do so through
partners’ behaviora…

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Section 5 addresses issues that pertain to the formation and maintenance of relationships. Specifi…

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Section 1: Theory and Methodology
This opening section addresses several conceptual and methodolog…

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authors review several studies that have used this method, demonstrating
that speed-dating program…

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Emerging Perspectives on Distinctions Between
Romantic Love and Sexual Desire
Lisa M. Diamond1
U…

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“companionate” stage of love, called pair bonding or attachment (Fisher, 1998;
Hatfield, 1987). Al…

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best known for its role in childbirth and nursing. These neurochemicals regulate
a range of emotio…

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resulting offspring have two dedicated parents instead of just one. This view
assumes, however, th…

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woman (Diamond, 2003). One potential reason for this gender difference is that
women appear more l…

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phenomena for later experience and development, and the specific role played by
cognitive, behavio…

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Hatfield, E. (1987). Passionate and companionate love. In R.J. Sternberg & M.L. Barnes (Eds.), The
…

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Relationships, Human Behavior,
and Psychological Science
Harry T. Reis1
University of Rochester
…

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WHY RELATIONSHIPS MATTER
Abundant evidence attests that associations, often powerful ones, exist b…

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SOCIAL COGNITION
Much research has investigated the cognitive processes by which individuals
perc…

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on the nature of the ongoing relationship between the cognizer and relevant
others. Moreover, Buge…

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than in individualist cultures. Although the tendency to experience emotion is
widely believed to …

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key sources of expectations about social relations. These “residues” of early
relationships have b…

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Kelley, H.H., Berscheid, E., Christensen, A., Harvey, J., Huston, T., Levinger, G.,
McClintock, E.…

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Critical Thinking Questions
1. Think of the important relationships you currently have or have had…

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Contextual Influences on Marriage:
Implications for Policy and Intervention
Benjamin R. Karney1
…

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have been selected exclusively on the basis of their environment (i.e., low socioeconomic status),…

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a representative sample (Karney, Garvan, & Thomas, 2003). Over 6,000 residents
of Florida, Texas, …

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Despite this evidence, the existing research has been limited in two main
ways. First, research on…

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(Vogel & Karney, 2002). Thus, independent of spouses’ relationship skills, marriages taking place …

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who could excuse their partners’ negative behaviors during intervals of relatively
low stress were…

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Recommended Reading
Bradbury, T.N. & Karney, B.R. (2004). Understanding and altering the longitudi…

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Critical Thinking Questions
1. How might policymakers more effectively intervene to promote the ma…

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Speed-Dating
Eli J. Finkel1 and Paul W. Eastwick
Northwestern University
Abstract
Scholars have…

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Ambady & Rosenthal, 1992) and by David Kenny’s research on perceptions at
“zero acquaintance” (e.g…

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harness the power of the statistical procedures underlying Kenny’s (1994) social
relations model. …

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These results suggest that unselective romantic desire smacks of desperation and turns people off,…

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prospects predicted her or his romantic attraction toward that partner. Remarkably, stated prefere…

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(Kurzban & Weeden, 2005). The size and diversity of this study’s sample make
its conclusions espec…

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CONCLUDING COMMENTS
In the decade since Rabbi Deyo invented speed-dating, it has become a major
p…

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Ambady, N., & Rosenthal, R. (1992). Thin slices of expressive behavior as predictors of interperson…

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Section 2: Biological Foundations
of Sex and Relationships
Although people often speak of “chemis…

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The article by Steven Gangestad, Randy Thornhill, and Christine
Garver-Apgar is a nice illustratio…

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Rethinking Puberty: The Development
of Sexual Attraction
Martha K. McClintock1 and Gilbert Herdt
…

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This observation, in turn, leads to a redefinition of prepubertal and pubertal
development.
GONAD…

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of breast buds); sexual fantasy may co-occur with Tanner Stage III (enlargement
of mammary glands)…

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interview methodologies. Nevertheless, all three studies pinpointed 10 to 10.5 as
the mean age of …

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Fig. 2. Mean levels (SEM) of the primary adrenal androgen dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) from birth…

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of DHEA leads to both testosterone and estradiol, the primary sex steroids in
men and women.
It i…

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for development of an awareness of sexual attraction in heterosexuals, and no
doubt plays a role i…

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by the adrenal, is intimately linked with testosterone and estradiol, the major
adult sex hormones…

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Boxer, A., & Cohler, B. (1989). The life-course of gay and lesbian youth: An immodest
proposal for…

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2. What are the implications of the findings reported in the article for our understanding of the …

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Adaptation to Sperm Competition in Humans
Todd K. Shackelford1 and Aaron T. Goetz
Florida Atlanti…

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and psychological adaptations. Although revolutionary for its time, the first definition of sperm …

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and forced in-pair copulation, as these adaptations have been investigated more
rigorously than ot…

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to be evaluated). These perceptual changes may motivate men to copulate as
soon as possible with t…

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increase in sperm transport upon ejaculation, thus enabling men to compete
more effectively in suc…

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behavioral adaptations to sperm competition in many nonhuman species. The
question as to whether s…

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A preliminary investigation of tactics to prevent and correct female infidelity. Personality and
I…

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Adaptations to Ovulation: Implications
for Sexual and Social Behavior
Steven W. Gangestad1and Ch…

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subtly compromise car performance), most survive multiple generations before
being eliminated. On …

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More generally, in socially monogamous species in which pairs have males as
close neighbors, an in…

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0 10 20 30
Day in Cycle
follicular phase luteal phase
Pre…

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Talent Versus Wealth Haselton and Miller (in press) found that, when faced
with trade-offs between…

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extra-pair sex at this time. Multiple studies indicate that they do so by being
more vigilant, pro…

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(e.g., hormones) mediate cycle shifts? (Changes in female preferences for the
scent of symmetrical…

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Macrae, C.N., Alnwick, K.A., Milne, A.B., & Schloerscheidt, A.M. (2002). Person perception across
…

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Evolutionary Psychology of Facial Attractiveness
Bernhard Fink1 and Ian Penton-Voak
Ludwig-Boltzm…

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during development. Hence, a symmetrical face may signal the ability of an individual to cope with…

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“masculine” traits may represent an honest signal of quality, as the individual with
high testoste…

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masculinity when judging attractiveness in the context of a potential short-term
relationship than…

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one another, then, is important. Research has focused mainly on the analysis of
single features an…

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activate reward circuitry in human subjects. Functional magnetic resonance
imaging shows that pass…

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Grammer, K., Fink, B., Juette, A., Ronzal, G., & Thornhill, R. (2001). Female faces and bodies:
N…

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The Neurochemistry of Pair Bonding
J. Thomas Curtis1 and Zuoxin Wang
Department of Psychology and…

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Prairie voles display pair bonds after as few as 6 hr of mating, whereas 24 to 48 hr
of cohabitati…

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Fig. 1. Typical results for control and experimental conditions in the 3-hr partner-preference test…

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mating-induced pair bonding (Winslow, Hastings, Carter, Harbaugh, & Insel,
1993). Using markers of…

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be expressed in socially relevant brain regions in mice by linking the reporter
gene to the oxytoc…

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administration of D2
, but not D1, agonists induces pair bonding absent mating
(Gingrich, Liu, Ca…

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pair-bond formation. In addition, studies examining the role of tissue-specific
gene expression in…

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Fowler, C.D., Liu, Y., Ouimet, C., & Wang, Z. (2002). The effects of social environment on adult
n…

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Section 3: Sex Differences
In this section on male-female differences in sexual behavior and relat…

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Differences in Parental Investment
Contribute to Important Differences
Between Men and Women
D…

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paternal investment is not essential for a man’s offspring to reach adulthood, and
although the am…

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relatively indiscriminate when it comes to choosing a sex partner. Females, in
contrast, have much…

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In conclusion, human sex differences in parental investment predict sex
differences in sexual stra…

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abilities related to sexual and parenting contexts, as predicted by parental investment theory.
C…

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Cole, P.M. (1986). Children’s spontaneous control of facial expression. Child Development, 57,
130…

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Men’s and Women’s Mating Preferences:
Distinct Evolutionary Mechanisms?
Lynn Carol Miller,1 Anil…

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evidence from psychology, primatology, cross-cultural analyses, and neurobiology. In this article,…

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Researchers suggesting that humans have evolved short-term mating mechanisms have pointed to argum…

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Sex Differences in Preferences for Mate Resources
Buss and Schmitt (1993) also argued that there a…

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reported shows that they compared short-term versus long-term preferences on
different variables f…

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age, ethnicity, relationship status, sexual experience, and perceptions of the quality of care pro…

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primate species with diverse mating systems, varying from short-term to long-term
ones (Dixson, 19…

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2. Mating systems are not absolute. Rather, each is composed of a set of mechanisms that increase …

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Critical Thinking Questions
1. Miller et al. discuss research on infidelity, in which some researc…

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Cognitive Biases and Emotional Wisdom
in the Evolution of Conflict Between
the Sexes
David M. …

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research programs, one dealing with cognitive biases and one dealing with emotions as tracking dev…

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error than another. The direction and degree of bias, of course, greatly depend on
such factors as…

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Nonetheless, EMT has been a source of inspiration for novel hypotheses about
cognitive biases (e.g…

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by individuals who seek sex with them sooner, more frequently, and more persistently than they wan…

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ancestrally adaptive is necessarily currently functional in modern environments.
Nor does it provi…

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References
Bleske, A., & Buss, D.M. (2000). Can men and women just be friends? Personal Relationsh…

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Section 4: Sexual Orientation
Perhaps no topic in this book is as divisive and misunderstood by th…

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do face one significant disadvantage compared to heterosexual couples,
however: A perceived lack o…

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Who’s Gay? Does It Matter?
Ritch C. Savin-Williams1
Cornell University
Abstract
To answer the q…

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Table 1. Components of sexual orientation* and example questions for assessment

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self-ascribe a gay/lesbian label are neither exhaustive nor representative of those
with a same-se…

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This dissimilarity in prevalence rates is further reflected in people’s inconsistent responses to …

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perspective, heterosexually identified individuals with same-sex attraction and/or
behavior are no…

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who engaged in same-sex behavior were four times more likely than heterosexual
youth to attempt su…

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little is known about their stability over time, their consistency with each other,
or their predi…

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References
Bailey, J.M., & Zucker, K.J. (1995). Childhood sex-typed behavior and sexual orientatio…

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The Biopsychology of Sexual Orientation
Brian A. Gladue1
North Dakota State University (Fargo).
…

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Using similar recruiting and assessment techniques in a study of lesbian
heritability, Bailey and …

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that possibly reflect a predominantly “female-differentiated” brain, suggesting a
neural predispos…

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the brain, the anterior commissure (AC), a fiber tract connecting the temporal lobes
from the two …

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in homosexual men cannot be dismissed easily. And as the nervous system differentiates (some regio…

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learning components of behavioral development. Still, what model or theory can
both meaningfully a…

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larger data base of multiple measurements in heterosexual and homosexual men
and women (most studi…

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9. For brevity’s sake, not all information presented in Table 1 is described in this
review. For a…

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What Do We Know About Gay
and Lesbian Couples?
Lawrence A. Kurdek1
Wright State University
Abs…

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own sex, and 2.8% of the men and 1.4% of the women identified themselves with
a label denoting sam…

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Conflict
Conflict is inevitable in any relationship. In heterosexual couples, conflict is
often t…

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the other hand, the high level of support that gay and lesbian partners enjoy from
friends has bee…

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dissolution rates were significantly higher for lesbian couples than they were for
gay couples. In…

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support for gay and lesbian relationships might be expected to enhance the stability of these rela…

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References
American Psychological Association (2004). Resolution on sexual orientation and marriag…

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Lesbian and Gay Families
Charlotte J. Patterson1
University of Virginia
A pervasive stereotype a…

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and young lesbians are more likely than young gay men to report having disclosed
their sexual iden…

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than couple type as a predictor of relationship variables such as satisfaction.
Thus, some types o…

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psychological characteristics relevant to parenting. Courts in particular have
sometimes assumed t…

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heterosexual individuals face; in other ways, the issues are quite different. There
is also great …

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Critical Thinking Questions
1. If, in fact, there is little difference in the family relationships…

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The Psychology of Sexual Prejudice
Gregory M. Herek1
Department of Psychology, University of Cali…

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casts homosexuality as inferior to heterosexuality.3 Although usage of the two
words has not been …

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respondents expressed disgust for lesbians and gay men (Herek, 1994). Respondents to the ongoing A…

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more likely to experience personal contact with an openly gay person (Herek &
Capitanio, 1996).
R…

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CONCLUSION AND DIRECTIONS FOR RESEARCH
Although more than a quarter century has passed since Weinb…

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3. Heterosexism was used as early as July 10, 1972, in two separate letters printed in
the Great S…

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Section 5: Relationship Formation
and Maintenance
The fifth section of this reader contains artic…

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Simpson review evidence consistent with the idea that standards for our
romantic partners fall int…

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The Emerging Field of Adolescent Romantic
Relationships
Wyndol Furman1
Department of Psychology,…

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additional 5 to 8 hr a week thinking about members of the other sex when not
with them (Richards, …

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disapproval such relationships may generate from families or heterosexual peers
(Diamond, Savin-Wi…

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proposed that committed romantic relationships could be characterized as attachments, just as rela…

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which in turn is predictive of aggression toward dating partners in late adolescence.
Reports from…

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Note
1. Address correspondence to Wyndol Furman, Department of Psychology, University of Denver, …

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3. What can we learn about adult relationships by studying adolescent
relationships?
4. How are a…

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Regulating the Risks of Closeness:
A Relationship-Specific Sense of Felt Security
Sandra L. Murr…

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the need to protect against the pain of rejection and the need to establish satisfying
connections…

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To feel secure in a specific relationship, people need to believe that their
partners see positive…

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needs and wants to feel better about Harry’s regard, we would expect her to be in a
hypothesis-tes…

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treating them more coldly and critically than usual. Unfortunately, these defensive
reactions emer…

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Fig. 1. The dependence-regulation process for people who feel negatively regarded.
Fig. 2. The dep…

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about self-protection, they are free to think and behave in ways that create the
kinds of bonds th…

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Murray, S.L., Rose, P., Bellavia, G., Holmes, J., & Kusche, A. (2002). When rejection stings: How
…

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Psychological Foundations of Trust
Jeffry A. Simpson1
University of Minnesota, Twin Cities Campus…

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impedes what she really wants or needs to accomplish, Susan has “passed” a
strain test and, accord…

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that individuals who are more insecurely attached, have lower self-esteem, or
have more poorly dif…

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make decisions that go against their own personal self-interest and support the
best interests of …

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trusted. People who have more positive working models should be more inclined
to take these risks …

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“fuller credit” for each partner’s willingness to prioritize partner or relationship
outcomes over…

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FUTURE DIRECTIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
Our knowledge of how trust is generated, sustained, and compromi…

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2. In contrast to Prisoner’s Dilemma games in which decision making is independent of the partner,…

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Ideal Standards in Close Relationships:
Their Structure and Functions
Garth J.O. Fletcher1 and Je…

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According to our model, partner and relationship ideals should be based
around three evaluative di…

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Thomas Huxley (1884) once lamented that “the great tragedy of Science [is]
the slaying of a beauti…

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Simpson, Thomas, & Giles, 1999). Adopting an inductive approach to identifying
the ideals dimensio…

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dating started. However, also as expected, higher initial levels of relationship satisfaction did …

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Recommended Reading
Fletcher, G.J.O., Simpson, J.A., Thomas, G., & Giles, L. (1999). (See Referenc…

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Section 6: Conflict, Problems,
and Risk
With a divorce rate that stands just under 50%, one of t…

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historically harsher consequences that have befallen unfaithful women).
Then, the authors review d…

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Marital Conflict: Correlates, Structure,
and Context
Frank D. Fincham1
Psychology Department, Un…

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their partners than by anyone else. Finally, marital conflict is associated with
important family …

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the greatest challenges for couples locked into negative exchanges is to find an
adaptive way of e…

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showed that the ratio of sexual intercourse to arguments, rather than their base
rates, predicted …

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Rethinking the role of conflict also reflects recognition of the fact that most
of what we know ab…

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Conflict in the Context of Spouses’ Backgrounds and Characteristics
Focus on interpersonal behavio…

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standing, and stressful circumstances), have recently argued that it may be “at
least as important…

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Gottman, J.M. (1993). The roles of conflict engagement, escalation, and avoidance in marital inter…

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The Early Marital Roots of Conjugal Distress
and Divorce
Ted L. Huston,1 Sylvia Niehuis, and Shan…

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the deleterious effects of negativity on marriage (Karney & Bradbury, 1995). For
example, distress…

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their marital satisfaction. We used these data to create a more finely differentiated categorizati…

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spouses who would later be classified as happy began to see their partner as
having a less contrar…

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with their spouses—as reflected in affection and negativity—mirrored the relatively small changes …

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We have only just begun to uncover the developmental processes occurring
during early marriage tha…

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Critical Thinking Questions
1. Why would couples who acknowledge problems in their relationships g…

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The Cheating Heart: Scientific Explorations
of Infidelity
Stephen M. Drigotas1 and William Barta
…

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Gender differences in motivations for infidelity indicate that marital dissatisfaction tends to be…

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are the formal laws and mores that a society upholds, whereas descriptive norms
refer to perceptio…

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variety of reasons: First, it demonstrated successful prediction of actual behavior,
rather than r…

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engage in casual sex with no intention of having a lasting relationship or children
nonetheless sh…

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whether sexual motivation is truly more characteristic of unfaithful males than
unfaithful females…

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Seal, D., Agostinelli, G., & Hannett, C. (1994). Extradyadic romantic involvement: Moderating
effe…

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A Typology of Men Who Are Violent Toward
Their Female Partners: Making Sense of the
Heterogeneit…

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PREDICTED SUBTYPES
After conducting a comprehensive review of 15 previous batterer typologies,
St…

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would have difficulty forming a stable, trusting attachment with an intimate partner. Instead, the…

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The fourth, unpredicted cluster that emerged we labeled the low-level antisocial group, given thei…

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No previous researchers have examined the stability of batterer typologies,
but it has been sugges…

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not match interventions to batterer subtypes. Initial supportive evidence comes
from a study compa…

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Saunders, D.G. (1996). Feminist-cognitive-behavioral and process-psychodynamic treatments for
men …

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Does Drinking Promote Risky Sexual Behavior?:
A Complex Answer to a Simple Question
M. Lynne Coo…

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between the two behaviors, multiple interpretations are possible. Three will be
considered here.
…

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scenario, all accounts nevertheless assume that people who drink strategically
hold relevant belie…

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on the nature of instigating and inhibiting cues governing momentary behavior,
on the content of o…

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conflict in which dominant cues favored inhibition and peripheral ones activation, then decreased …

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such tests (Cooper, 2002), alcohol was associated with lower rates of condom
(and birth-control) u…

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and actual alcohol content might work in tandem to disinhibit risky sexual
behavior in real-world …

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Note
1. Address correspondence to M. Lynne Cooper, 105 McAlester Hall, University of
Missouri, Co…

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HUMAN SEXUALITY.pdf

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This presentation discusses the intricate dynamics between human sexuality and relationships. It covers theoretical frameworks, biological foundations, and the interplay between love and desire, emphasizing the need for comprehensive research in these areas to enhance understanding and address social complexities. Key methodologies and implications for future research are explored.

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