Jaunt Logo

    Japanese Internment Camps: WWII, Life & Conditions | HISTORY

    Japanese Internment Camps: WWII, Life & Conditions | HISTORY

    P
    @powderhownd1492
    2 Followers
    5 months ago 307

    AIAI Summary

    toggle
    Bulleted
    toggle
    Text

    Key Insights

    Japanese Internment Camps: WWII, Life & Conditions | HISTORY 30/7/2024, 9:43 pm
https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/japanese-american-relocation Page 1 of 13
Home / Topics / World War II / Japanese Internment Camps
Table of
Contents
Executive
Order 9066
AntiJapanese
American
Activity 
1.
2.
Japanese internment
camps were
established during
World War II by
President Franklin D.
Roosevelt through
his Executive Order
9066. From 1942 to
Japanese Internment
Camps
BY: HISTORY.COM EDITORS
UPDATED: APRIL 17, 2024 | ORIGINAL: OCTOBER 29,
2009
    1/13
    Japanese Internment Camps: WWII, Life & Conditions | HISTORY 30/7/2024, 9:43 pm
https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/japanese-american-relocation Page 2 of 13
Photos of
Japanese
American
Relocation
and
Incarceration
John
DeWitt
War
Relocation
Authority
Relocation
to
'Assembly
Centers'
Life in
'Assembly
Centers'
Conditions
in
'Relocation
Centers'
Violence in
Prison
Camps
Fred
Korematsu
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
1945, it was the
policy of the U.S.
government that
people of Japanese
descent, including
U.S. citizens, would
be incarcerated in
isolated camps.
Enacted in reaction
to the Pearl Harbor
attacks and the
ensuing war, the
incarceration of
Japanese Americans
is considered one of
the most atrocious
violations of
American civil rights
in the 20th century.
    2/13
    Japanese Internment Camps: WWII, Life & Conditions | HISTORY 30/7/2024, 9:43 pm
https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/japanese-american-relocation Page 3 of 13
Mitsuye
Endo
Reparations
Sources
Executive Order 9066
On February 19, 1942, shortly after the bombing of Pearl Harbor by
Japanese forces, President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 with
the stated intention of preventing espionage on American shores.
Military zones were created in California, Washington and Oregon—
states with a large population of Japanese Americans. Then Roosevelt’s
executive order forcibly removed Americans of Japanese ancestry
from their homes. Executive Order 9066 a^ected the lives about
120,000 people—the majority of whom were American citizens.
Canada soon followed suit, forcibly removing 21,000 of its residents of
Japanese descent from its west coast. Mexico enacted its own version,
and eventually 2,264 more people of Japanese descent were forcibly
removed from Peru, Brazil, Chile and Argentina to the United States.
Anti-Japanese American
11.
12.
13.
    3/13
    Japanese Internment Camps: WWII, Life & Conditions | HISTORY 30/7/2024, 9:43 pm
https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/japanese-american-relocation Page 4 of 13
Activity
Weeks before the order, the Navy removed citizens of Japanese
descent from Terminal Island near the Port of Los Angeles.
On December 7, 1941, just hours after the bombing of Pearl Harbor,
the FBI rounded-up 1,291 Japanese American community and religious
leaders, arresting them without evidence and freezing their assets.
In January, the arrestees were transferred to prison camps in
Montana, New Mexico and North Dakota, many unable to inform their
families and most remaining for the duration of the war.
Concurrently, the FBI searched the private homes of thousands of
Japanese American residents on the West Coast, seizing items
considered contraband.
One-third of Hawaii’s population was of Japanese descent. In a panic,
some politicians called for their mass incarceration. Japanese-owned
ashing boats were impounded.
Some Japanese American residents were arrested and 1,500 people—
one percent of the Japanese population in Hawaii—were sent to
prison camps on the U.S. mainland.
Photos of Japanese American
Relocation and Incarceration
John DeWitt
    4/13
    Japanese Internment Camps: WWII, Life & Conditions | HISTORY 30/7/2024, 9:43 pm
https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/japanese-american-relocation Page 5 of 13
Lt. General John L. DeWitt, leader of the Western Defense Command,
believed that the civilian population needed to be taken control of to
prevent a repeat of Pearl Harbor.
To argue his case, DeWitt prepared a report alled with known
falsehoods, such as examples of sabotage that were later revealed to
be the result of cattle damaging power lines.
DeWitt suggested the creation of the military zones and Japanese
detainment to Secretary of War Henry Stimson and Attorney General
Francis Biddle. His original plan included Italians and Germans, though
the idea of rounding-up Americans of European descent was not as
popular.
At Congressional hearings in February 1942, a majority of the
testimonies, including those from California Governor Culbert L. Olson
and State Attorney General Earl Warren, declared that all Japanese
should be removed.
Biddle pleaded with the president that mass incarceration of citizens
was not required, preferring smaller, more targeted security
measures. Regardless, Roosevelt signed the order.
War Relocation Authority
After much organizational chaos, about 15,000 Japanese Americans
willingly moved out of prohibited areas. Inland state citizens were not
keen for new Japanese American residents, and they were met with
racist resistance.
Ten state governors voiced opposition, fearing the Japanese
    5/13
    Japanese Internment Camps: WWII, Life & Conditions | HISTORY 30/7/2024, 9:43 pm
https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/japanese-american-relocation Page 6 of 13
Americans might never leave, and demanded they be locked up if the
states were forced to accept them.
A civilian organization called the War Relocation Authority was set up
in March 1942 to administer the plan, with Milton S. Eisenhower from
the Department of Agriculture to lead it. Eisenhower only lasted until
June 1942, resigning in protest over what he characterized as
incarcerating innocent citizens.
Relocation to 'Assembly
Centers'
Army-directed removals began on March 24. People had six days
notice to dispose of their belongings other than what they could carry.
Anyone who was at least 1/16th Japanese was evacuated, including
17,000 children under age 10, as well as several thousand elderly and
disabled residents.
Japanese Americans reported to "Assembly Centers" near their homes.
From there they were transported to a "Relocation Center" where they
might live for months before transfer to a permanent "Wartime
Residence."
Assembly Centers were located in remote areas, often reconagured
fairgrounds and racetracks featuring buildings not meant for human
habitation, like horse stalls or cow sheds, that had been converted for
that purpose. In Portland, Oregon, 3,000 people stayed in the livestock
pavilion of the Paciac International Livestock Exposition Facilities.
    6/13
    Japanese Internment Camps: WWII, Life & Conditions | HISTORY 30/7/2024, 9:43 pm
https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/japanese-american-relocation Page 7 of 13
The Santa Anita Assembly Center, just several miles northeast of Los
Angeles, was a de-facto city with 18,000 incarcerated, 8,500 of whom
lived in stables. Food shortages and substandard sanitation were
prevalent in these facilities.
Life in 'Assembly Centers'
Assembly Centers o^ered work to prisoners with the policy that they
should not be paid more than an Army private. Jobs ranged from
doctors to teachers to laborers and mechanics. A couple were the
sites of camoudage net factories, which provided work.
Over 1,000 incarcerated Japanese Americans were sent to other states
to do seasonal farm work. Over 4,000 of the incarcerated population
were allowed to leave to attend college.
Conditions in 'Relocation
Centers'
There were a total of 10 prison camps, called "Relocation Centers."
Typically the camps included some form of barracks with communal
eating areas. Several families were housed together. Residents who
were labeled as dissidents were forced to a special prison camp in
Tule Lake, California.
Two prison camps in Arizona were located on Native American
reservations, despite the protests of tribal councils, who were
overruled by the Bureau of Indian A^airs.
    7/13
    Japanese Internment Camps: WWII, Life & Conditions | HISTORY 30/7/2024, 9:43 pm
https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/japanese-american-relocation Page 8 of 13
Each Relocation Center was its own "town," and included schools, post
oeces and work facilities, as well as farmland for growing food and
keeping livestock. Each prison camp "town" was completely
surrounded by barbed wire and guard towers.
Net factories o^ered work at several Relocation Centers. One housed
a naval ship model factory. There were also factories in di^erent
Relocation Centers that manufactured items for use in other prison
camps, including garments, mattresses and cabinets. Several housed
agricultural processing plants.
Violence in Prison Camps
Violence occasionally occurred in the prison camps. In Lordsburg, New
Mexico, prisoners were delivered by trains and forced to march two
miles at night to the camp. On July 27, 1942, during a night march, two
Japanese Americans, Toshio Kobata and Hirota Isomura, were shot
and killed by a sentry who claimed they were attempting to escape.
Japanese Americans testiaed later that the two elderly men were
disabled and had been struggling during the march to Lordsburg. The
sentry was found not guilty by the army court martial board.
On August 4, 1942, a riot broke out in the Santa Anita Assembly
Center, the result of anger about insuecient rations and
overcrowding. At California's Manzanar War Relocation Center,
tensions resulted in the beating of Fred Tayama, a Japanese American
Citizen’s League (JACL) leader, by six men. JACL members were
believed to be supporters of the prison camp's administration. 
Fearing a riot, police tear-gassed crowds that had gathered at the
    8/13
    Japanese Internment Camps: WWII, Life & Conditions | HISTORY 30/7/2024, 9:43 pm
https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/japanese-american-relocation Page 9 of 13
police station to demand the release of Harry Ueno. Ueno had
been arrested for allegedly assaulting Tayama. James Ito was killed
instantly and several others were wounded. Among those injured was
Jim Kanegawa, 21, who died of complications ave days later.
At the Topaz Relocation Center, 63-year-old prisoner James Hatsuki
Wakasa was shot and killed by military police after walking near the
perimeter fence. Two months later, a couple was shot at for strolling
near the fence.
In October 1943, the Army deployed tanks and soldiers to Tule Lake
Segregation Center in northern California to crack down on protests.
Japanese American prisoners at Tule Lake had been striking over food
shortages and unsafe conditions that had led to an accidental death in
October 1943. At the same camp, on May 24, 1943, James Okamoto, a
30-year-old prisoner who drove a construction truck, was shot and
killed by a guard.  
Fred Korematsu
In 1942, 23-year-old Japanese-American Fred Korematsu was arrested
for refusing to relocate to a Japanese prison camp. His case made it all
the way to the Supreme Court, where his attorneys argued in
Korematsu v. United States that Executive Order 9066 violated the
Fifth Amendment. 
Korematsu lost the case, but he went on to become a civil rights
activist and was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1998.
With the creation of California’s Fred Korematsu Day, the United
States saw its arst U.S. holiday named for an Asian American. But it
    9/13
    Japanese Internment Camps: WWII, Life & Conditions | HISTORY 30/7/2024, 9:43 pm
https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/japanese-american-relocation Page 10 of 13
took another Supreme Court decision to halt the incarceration of
Japanese Americans.
Mitsuye Endo
The prison camps ended in 1945 following the Supreme Court
decision, Ex parte Mitsuye Endo. In this case, justices ruled unanimously
that the War Relocation Authority “has no authority to subject citizens
who are concededly loyal to its leave procedure.”
The case was brought on behalf of Mitsuye Endo, the daughter of
Japanese immigrants from Sacramento, California. After aling a
habeas corpus petition, the government o^ered to free her, but Endo
refused, wanting her case to address the entire issue of Japanese
incarceration.
One year later, the Supreme Court made the decision, but gave
President Truman the chance to begin camp closures before the
announcement. One day after Truman made his announcement, the
Supreme Court revealed its decision.
Reparations
The last Japanese internment camp closed in March 1946. President
Gerald Ford oecially repealed Executive Order 9066 in 1976, and in
1988, Congress issued a formal apology and passed the Civil Liberties
Act awarding $20,000 each to over 80,000 Japanese Americans as
reparations for their treatment.
    10/13
    Japanese Internment Camps: WWII, Life & Conditions | HISTORY 30/7/2024, 9:43 pm
https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/japanese-american-relocation Page 11 of 13
Sources
Japanese Relocation During World War II. National Archives.
Conanement and Ethnicity: An Overview of World War II Japanese
American Relocation Sites. J. Burton, M. Farrell, F. Lord and R. Lord.
Lordsburg Internment POW Camp. Historical Society of New Mexico.
Smithsonian Institute.
BY: HISTORY.COM EDITORS
HISTORY.com works with a wide range of writers and editors to
create accurate and informative content. All articles are regularly
reviewed and updated by the HISTORY.com team. Articles with the
“HISTORY.com Editors” byline have been written or edited by the
HISTORY.com editors, including Amanda Onion, Missy Sullivan, Matt
Mullen and Christian Zapata.
Citation Information
    11/13
    Japanese Internment Camps: WWII, Life & Conditions | HISTORY 30/7/2024, 9:43 pm
https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/japanese-american-relocation Page 12 of 13
Citation Information
Article Title Japanese Internment Camps
Author History.com Editors
Website Name HISTORY
URL https://www.history.com/topics/world-warii/japanese-american-relocation
Date Accessed July 30, 2024
Publisher A&E Television Networks
Last Updated April 17, 2024
Original Published Date October 29, 2009
Fact Check
We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if
you see something that doesn't look
right, click here to contact us! HISTORY
reviews and updates its content regularly
to ensure it is complete and accurate.
    12/13
    Japanese Internment Camps: WWII, Life & Conditions | HISTORY 30/7/2024, 9:43 pm
https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/japanese-american-relocation Page 13 of 13
A+E
Networks
OUR FAMILY OF BRANDS
History Education
History Vault
Mobile/Apps
News
Share Your Opinion
Follow History
d p m
Biography
Crime and Investigation
History en Espanol
LRW
Military History
Ad Choices
Advertise With Us
Accessibility Support
Copyright Policy
Corporate Information
Employment Opportunities
FAQ/Contact Us
Privacy Notice
Cookie Notice
Terms Of Use
TV Parental
Guidelines
© 2024, A&E Television Networks, LLC. All Rights Reserved.
+
    13/13

    Japanese Internment Camps: WWII, Life & Conditions | HISTORY

    • 1. Japanese Internment Camps: WWII, Life & Conditions | HISTORY 30/7/2024, 9:43 pm https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/japanese-american-relocation Page 1 of 13 Home / Topics / World War II / Japanese Internment Camps Table of Contents Executive Order 9066 AntiJapanese American Activity  1. 2. Japanese internment camps were established during World War II by President Franklin D. Roosevelt through his Executive Order 9066. From 1942 to Japanese Internment Camps BY: HISTORY.COM EDITORS UPDATED: APRIL 17, 2024 | ORIGINAL: OCTOBER 29, 2009
    • 2. Japanese Internment Camps: WWII, Life & Conditions | HISTORY 30/7/2024, 9:43 pm https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/japanese-american-relocation Page 2 of 13 Photos of Japanese American Relocation and Incarceration John DeWitt War Relocation Authority Relocation to 'Assembly Centers' Life in 'Assembly Centers' Conditions in 'Relocation Centers' Violence in Prison Camps Fred Korematsu 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 1945, it was the policy of the U.S. government that people of Japanese descent, including U.S. citizens, would be incarcerated in isolated camps. Enacted in reaction to the Pearl Harbor attacks and the ensuing war, the incarceration of Japanese Americans is considered one of the most atrocious violations of American civil rights in the 20th century.
    • 3. Japanese Internment Camps: WWII, Life & Conditions | HISTORY 30/7/2024, 9:43 pm https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/japanese-american-relocation Page 3 of 13 Mitsuye Endo Reparations Sources Executive Order 9066 On February 19, 1942, shortly after the bombing of Pearl Harbor by Japanese forces, President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 with the stated intention of preventing espionage on American shores. Military zones were created in California, Washington and Oregon— states with a large population of Japanese Americans. Then Roosevelt’s executive order forcibly removed Americans of Japanese ancestry from their homes. Executive Order 9066 a^ected the lives about 120,000 people—the majority of whom were American citizens. Canada soon followed suit, forcibly removing 21,000 of its residents of Japanese descent from its west coast. Mexico enacted its own version, and eventually 2,264 more people of Japanese descent were forcibly removed from Peru, Brazil, Chile and Argentina to the United States. Anti-Japanese American 11. 12. 13.
    • 4. Japanese Internment Camps: WWII, Life & Conditions | HISTORY 30/7/2024, 9:43 pm https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/japanese-american-relocation Page 4 of 13 Activity Weeks before the order, the Navy removed citizens of Japanese descent from Terminal Island near the Port of Los Angeles. On December 7, 1941, just hours after the bombing of Pearl Harbor, the FBI rounded-up 1,291 Japanese American community and religious leaders, arresting them without evidence and freezing their assets. In January, the arrestees were transferred to prison camps in Montana, New Mexico and North Dakota, many unable to inform their families and most remaining for the duration of the war. Concurrently, the FBI searched the private homes of thousands of Japanese American residents on the West Coast, seizing items considered contraband. One-third of Hawaii’s population was of Japanese descent. In a panic, some politicians called for their mass incarceration. Japanese-owned ashing boats were impounded. Some Japanese American residents were arrested and 1,500 people— one percent of the Japanese population in Hawaii—were sent to prison camps on the U.S. mainland. Photos of Japanese American Relocation and Incarceration John DeWitt
    • 5. Japanese Internment Camps: WWII, Life & Conditions | HISTORY 30/7/2024, 9:43 pm https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/japanese-american-relocation Page 5 of 13 Lt. General John L. DeWitt, leader of the Western Defense Command, believed that the civilian population needed to be taken control of to prevent a repeat of Pearl Harbor. To argue his case, DeWitt prepared a report alled with known falsehoods, such as examples of sabotage that were later revealed to be the result of cattle damaging power lines. DeWitt suggested the creation of the military zones and Japanese detainment to Secretary of War Henry Stimson and Attorney General Francis Biddle. His original plan included Italians and Germans, though the idea of rounding-up Americans of European descent was not as popular. At Congressional hearings in February 1942, a majority of the testimonies, including those from California Governor Culbert L. Olson and State Attorney General Earl Warren, declared that all Japanese should be removed. Biddle pleaded with the president that mass incarceration of citizens was not required, preferring smaller, more targeted security measures. Regardless, Roosevelt signed the order. War Relocation Authority After much organizational chaos, about 15,000 Japanese Americans willingly moved out of prohibited areas. Inland state citizens were not keen for new Japanese American residents, and they were met with racist resistance. Ten state governors voiced opposition, fearing the Japanese
    • 6. Japanese Internment Camps: WWII, Life & Conditions | HISTORY 30/7/2024, 9:43 pm https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/japanese-american-relocation Page 6 of 13 Americans might never leave, and demanded they be locked up if the states were forced to accept them. A civilian organization called the War Relocation Authority was set up in March 1942 to administer the plan, with Milton S. Eisenhower from the Department of Agriculture to lead it. Eisenhower only lasted until June 1942, resigning in protest over what he characterized as incarcerating innocent citizens. Relocation to 'Assembly Centers' Army-directed removals began on March 24. People had six days notice to dispose of their belongings other than what they could carry. Anyone who was at least 1/16th Japanese was evacuated, including 17,000 children under age 10, as well as several thousand elderly and disabled residents. Japanese Americans reported to "Assembly Centers" near their homes. From there they were transported to a "Relocation Center" where they might live for months before transfer to a permanent "Wartime Residence." Assembly Centers were located in remote areas, often reconagured fairgrounds and racetracks featuring buildings not meant for human habitation, like horse stalls or cow sheds, that had been converted for that purpose. In Portland, Oregon, 3,000 people stayed in the livestock pavilion of the Paciac International Livestock Exposition Facilities.
    • 7. Japanese Internment Camps: WWII, Life & Conditions | HISTORY 30/7/2024, 9:43 pm https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/japanese-american-relocation Page 7 of 13 The Santa Anita Assembly Center, just several miles northeast of Los Angeles, was a de-facto city with 18,000 incarcerated, 8,500 of whom lived in stables. Food shortages and substandard sanitation were prevalent in these facilities. Life in 'Assembly Centers' Assembly Centers o^ered work to prisoners with the policy that they should not be paid more than an Army private. Jobs ranged from doctors to teachers to laborers and mechanics. A couple were the sites of camoudage net factories, which provided work. Over 1,000 incarcerated Japanese Americans were sent to other states to do seasonal farm work. Over 4,000 of the incarcerated population were allowed to leave to attend college. Conditions in 'Relocation Centers' There were a total of 10 prison camps, called "Relocation Centers." Typically the camps included some form of barracks with communal eating areas. Several families were housed together. Residents who were labeled as dissidents were forced to a special prison camp in Tule Lake, California. Two prison camps in Arizona were located on Native American reservations, despite the protests of tribal councils, who were overruled by the Bureau of Indian A^airs.
    • 8. Japanese Internment Camps: WWII, Life & Conditions | HISTORY 30/7/2024, 9:43 pm https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/japanese-american-relocation Page 8 of 13 Each Relocation Center was its own "town," and included schools, post oeces and work facilities, as well as farmland for growing food and keeping livestock. Each prison camp "town" was completely surrounded by barbed wire and guard towers. Net factories o^ered work at several Relocation Centers. One housed a naval ship model factory. There were also factories in di^erent Relocation Centers that manufactured items for use in other prison camps, including garments, mattresses and cabinets. Several housed agricultural processing plants. Violence in Prison Camps Violence occasionally occurred in the prison camps. In Lordsburg, New Mexico, prisoners were delivered by trains and forced to march two miles at night to the camp. On July 27, 1942, during a night march, two Japanese Americans, Toshio Kobata and Hirota Isomura, were shot and killed by a sentry who claimed they were attempting to escape. Japanese Americans testiaed later that the two elderly men were disabled and had been struggling during the march to Lordsburg. The sentry was found not guilty by the army court martial board. On August 4, 1942, a riot broke out in the Santa Anita Assembly Center, the result of anger about insuecient rations and overcrowding. At California's Manzanar War Relocation Center, tensions resulted in the beating of Fred Tayama, a Japanese American Citizen’s League (JACL) leader, by six men. JACL members were believed to be supporters of the prison camp's administration.  Fearing a riot, police tear-gassed crowds that had gathered at the
    • 9. Japanese Internment Camps: WWII, Life & Conditions | HISTORY 30/7/2024, 9:43 pm https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/japanese-american-relocation Page 9 of 13 police station to demand the release of Harry Ueno. Ueno had been arrested for allegedly assaulting Tayama. James Ito was killed instantly and several others were wounded. Among those injured was Jim Kanegawa, 21, who died of complications ave days later. At the Topaz Relocation Center, 63-year-old prisoner James Hatsuki Wakasa was shot and killed by military police after walking near the perimeter fence. Two months later, a couple was shot at for strolling near the fence. In October 1943, the Army deployed tanks and soldiers to Tule Lake Segregation Center in northern California to crack down on protests. Japanese American prisoners at Tule Lake had been striking over food shortages and unsafe conditions that had led to an accidental death in October 1943. At the same camp, on May 24, 1943, James Okamoto, a 30-year-old prisoner who drove a construction truck, was shot and killed by a guard.   Fred Korematsu In 1942, 23-year-old Japanese-American Fred Korematsu was arrested for refusing to relocate to a Japanese prison camp. His case made it all the way to the Supreme Court, where his attorneys argued in Korematsu v. United States that Executive Order 9066 violated the Fifth Amendment.  Korematsu lost the case, but he went on to become a civil rights activist and was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1998. With the creation of California’s Fred Korematsu Day, the United States saw its arst U.S. holiday named for an Asian American. But it
    • 10. Japanese Internment Camps: WWII, Life & Conditions | HISTORY 30/7/2024, 9:43 pm https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/japanese-american-relocation Page 10 of 13 took another Supreme Court decision to halt the incarceration of Japanese Americans. Mitsuye Endo The prison camps ended in 1945 following the Supreme Court decision, Ex parte Mitsuye Endo. In this case, justices ruled unanimously that the War Relocation Authority “has no authority to subject citizens who are concededly loyal to its leave procedure.” The case was brought on behalf of Mitsuye Endo, the daughter of Japanese immigrants from Sacramento, California. After aling a habeas corpus petition, the government o^ered to free her, but Endo refused, wanting her case to address the entire issue of Japanese incarceration. One year later, the Supreme Court made the decision, but gave President Truman the chance to begin camp closures before the announcement. One day after Truman made his announcement, the Supreme Court revealed its decision. Reparations The last Japanese internment camp closed in March 1946. President Gerald Ford oecially repealed Executive Order 9066 in 1976, and in 1988, Congress issued a formal apology and passed the Civil Liberties Act awarding $20,000 each to over 80,000 Japanese Americans as reparations for their treatment.
    • 11. Japanese Internment Camps: WWII, Life & Conditions | HISTORY 30/7/2024, 9:43 pm https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/japanese-american-relocation Page 11 of 13 Sources Japanese Relocation During World War II. National Archives. Conanement and Ethnicity: An Overview of World War II Japanese American Relocation Sites. J. Burton, M. Farrell, F. Lord and R. Lord. Lordsburg Internment POW Camp. Historical Society of New Mexico. Smithsonian Institute. BY: HISTORY.COM EDITORS HISTORY.com works with a wide range of writers and editors to create accurate and informative content. All articles are regularly reviewed and updated by the HISTORY.com team. Articles with the “HISTORY.com Editors” byline have been written or edited by the HISTORY.com editors, including Amanda Onion, Missy Sullivan, Matt Mullen and Christian Zapata. Citation Information
    • 12. Japanese Internment Camps: WWII, Life & Conditions | HISTORY 30/7/2024, 9:43 pm https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/japanese-american-relocation Page 12 of 13 Citation Information Article Title Japanese Internment Camps Author History.com Editors Website Name HISTORY URL https://www.history.com/topics/world-warii/japanese-american-relocation Date Accessed July 30, 2024 Publisher A&E Television Networks Last Updated April 17, 2024 Original Published Date October 29, 2009 Fact Check We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate.
    • 13. Japanese Internment Camps: WWII, Life & Conditions | HISTORY 30/7/2024, 9:43 pm https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/japanese-american-relocation Page 13 of 13 A+E Networks OUR FAMILY OF BRANDS History Education History Vault Mobile/Apps News Share Your Opinion Follow History d p m Biography Crime and Investigation History en Espanol LRW Military History Ad Choices Advertise With Us Accessibility Support Copyright Policy Corporate Information Employment Opportunities FAQ/Contact Us Privacy Notice Cookie Notice Terms Of Use TV Parental Guidelines © 2024, A&E Television Networks, LLC. All Rights Reserved. +


    • Previous
    • Next
    • f Fullscreen
    • esc Exit Fullscreen