MIT COVID-19 Hackathon Winners Track F

MIT COVID-19 Hackathon Winners Track F

• 1. “The future belongs to those who PREPARE for it” RALPH WALDO EMERSON

• 2. An Undeniable Truth COVID-19 is not the last pandemic of our lifetimes. We had since 2011 after the MERS outbreak to anticipate and prepare. We failed to do both, and it has cost us dearly. Though we can't prevent or foresee the next big pandemic, we can set up surveillance networks to track it effectively. The big question: What infrastructure is needed to track the next big pandemic? What are the ideal characteristics of such a system?

• 3. The Future of Pandemic Surveillance Near-real-time feedback and data analysis Reusable, replicate its success for future pandemics Community-focused, non-invasive monitoring IoT Integration into existing surveillance networks Sustainable,The 3 E's: Eco-friendly, Economical, Ethical The Ideal Surveillance Network We can achieve all the above!

• 4. WASTE-WATER BIOSENSORS AS AN EARLY WARNING SYSTEM FOR PANDEMIC SURVEILLANCE

• 5. Fecal samples are best suited for large-scale community surveillance Viral RNA is observed for much longer in fecal samples than throat swabs. Wastewater Testing Complements Swab Tests Days since the first symptom Results from throat swabs (TS) and faecal samples (FS) through the course of the disease for 34 patients with SARS-CoV-2 RNA positive faecal samples ~ Wu et al (Lancet 2020) P a tie n t s Individual test One-time use Scarce, costly Community-based Reusable Low-cost at scale RT-PCR Swab Test Wastewater Monitoring

• 6. Wastewater Testing : Biosensor vs RT-PCR No man power needed after the initial setup Need to gather volunteers for testing everyday Virus is never exposed to the surroundings Risk of leaks before/during transportation Data collected and analyzed in near-real-time Delay in getting the test results (upto 24 hours) Scarce resource and expensive during pandemic Initial setup cost and low long term running costs Start-up costs and Overhead expenses Human Intervention Risk of Contamination Data Collection and Analysis

• 7. LSPR Biosensor: A Schematic Cost Estimate Time of Use Reusable for all future pandemics! 50-80 US$ (at global scale) 45-60 Days before LSPR chip replacement USP

• 8. Automated Wastewater Biosensor: A Schematic

• 9. Wastewater Biosensor Network At National Scale Low-Risk Zone High-Risk Zone We place biosensors in sewage plants of local communities Data analyses from all communities in a region are aggregated Classify regions, states as low/high risk zones based on intensity of RNA vs time curve Sub-network of biosensors

• 10. LIMITATIONS OF OUR METHOD QUANTITATIVE PREDICTION A quantitative assessment of virus spread is not currently possible! PER-CAPITA RNA ESTIMATE Yet to estimate magnitude of RNA particles excreted by individuals. SEVERITY OF INFECTION Severity of infection cannot be estimated with our approach We have an answer!

• 11. S martlock-downs, informedpublic policydecisions,bold leadership Predictingfuturewavesofoutbreak Classifyingareasaslow/highriskzones, evenbefore infectedpeoplearetested Betterresourceallocation: healthcare providers,RT-PCRtests,PPEandmore SHAPINGPUBLICPOLICY ANEARLYWARNINGSYSTEM TheQualitative Approach WASTEWATER MONITORING COVID-19

• 12. moderate start-up costs low overhead costs minimal energy usage all materials are recyclable SUSTAINABLE SURVEILLANCE Only LSPR chip + DNA needs to be changed for future use Easy to install and can be reused repeatedly REUSABLE FOR FUTURE PANDEMICS Near-real-time data collection Community-based surveillance REAL-TIME FEEDBACK FOR COMMUNITY TRACKING Salient Features Scalable, local to global Saves thousands of lives!

• 13. Find useful biomarkers in genome of pathogen; Design the LSPR chip PHASE 1 Install sensors in areas with large population & less reported cases PHASE 2 Use sensor readings to promote smart public policy decisions PHASE 3 Periodic wastewater monitoring to prepare for future waves PHASE 4 Proposed Strategy

• 14. The Next Big Pandemic Our lack of pandemic preparedness has caused irreparable damages to our communities. Our systems must change to adapt to the new reality. We need reliable, accurate, and sustainable surveillance to combat the next big pandemic. Every life saved is valuable. Our efforts today will ensure us tomorrow!

• 15. References Qiu, Guangyu, et al. "Dual-functional plasmonic photothermal biosensors for highly accurate severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 detection." ACS nano 14.5 (2020): 5268-5277. Wu, Yongjian, et al. "Prolonged presence of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in faecal samples." The lancet Gastroenterology & hepatology 5.5 (2020): 434-435. Ejeian, Fatemeh, et al. "Biosensors for wastewater monitoring: A review." Biosensors and Bioelectronics 118 (2018): 66-79. Quilliam, Richard S., et al. "COVID-19: The environmental implications of shedding SARS-CoV-2 in human faeces." Environment International (2020). Wu, Fuqing, et al. "SARS-CoV-2 titers in wastewater are higher than expected from clinically confirmed cases." medRxiv (2020). Nghiem, Long D., et al. "The COVID-19 pandemic: considerations for the waste and wastewater services sector." Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering (2020): 100006. Liu, Yun, et al. "Low-Cost Localized surface plasmon resonance biosensing platform with a response enhancement for protein detection." Nanomaterials 9.7 (2019): 1019. Wang, Yujie, et al. "The detection of SARS-CoV with SPR biosensor." Xiyou Jinshu Cailiao yu Gongcheng(Rare Metal Materials and Engineering) 35 (2006): 288-290. Hong, Yoochan, et al. "Nanobiosensors based on localized surface plasmon resonance for biomarker detection." Journal of Nanomaterials 2012 (2012). Hong, Yoochan, et al. "Localized surface plasmon resonance based nanobiosensor for biomarker detection of invasive cancer cells." Journal of biomedical optics 19.5 (2013): 051202. Jeon, Hui Bin, Philippe Vuka Tsalu, and Ji Won Ha. "Shape Effect on the Refractive Index Sensitivity at Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Inflection Points of Single Gold Nanocubes with Vertices." Scientific reports 9.1 (2019): 1-8. Jayabal, Subramaniam, et al. "A gold nanorod-based localized surface plasmon resonance platform for the detection of environmentally toxic metal ions." Analyst 140.8 (2015): 2540-2555. Djaileb, Abdelhadi, et al. "A Rapid and Quantitative Serum Test for SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies with Portable Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensing." (2020). He, Xi, et al. "Temporal dynamics in viral shedding and transmissibility of COVID-19." Nature medicine 26.5 (2020): 672-675. Le Dinh, Tuan, et al. "Design and deployment of a remote robust sensor network: Experiences from an outdoor water quality monitoring network." 32nd IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN 2007). IEEE, 2007. Nakamura, Tomofumi, et al. "Environmental surveillance of poliovirus in sewage water around the introduction period for inactivated polio vaccine in Japan." Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 81.5 (2015): 1859-1864.