Who Defines Me? A book about SJIA.

    Who Defines Me? A book about SJIA.

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    Who Defines Me? A book about SJIA. - Page 1
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    Who Defines Me? A book about SJIA. - Page 2
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    Who
Defines
Me?
By:	Beatriz	Peixoto
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    Who Defines Me? A book about SJIA. - Page 4
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    Message
This	book	is	dedicated	to	all	of	the	kids	who	suffer	from	JIA.	To	let	you
know	that	 you	 are	 not	 alone	 and	that	 everybody	 who	truly	 loves	 you
and	 cares	will	always	 care	for	 you	and	 support	 your	final	decisions.	I
also	want	you	to	remember	that	everything	is	going	to	be	OK	and	that
there	is	a	light	at	the	end	of	the	tunnel.	
I	would	like	to	say	a	special	thanks	to:
My	Mom:	Words	can	not	describe	how	much	I	love	you	and	how	much
I	thank	you	for	everything	you	have	done	in	the	past	few	years.	I	am	so
grateful	to	have	you	in	my	life	and	wanted	to	let	you	know	that	you	are
my	 hero	 and	 that	 we	 can	 get	 through	 anything	 together.	 I	 love	 you
mom!
My	 Dad:	Thank	 you	for	 everything	 you	 have	 done.	 From	making	me
laugh,	 to	 writing	 thousand	 of	 emails	 and	 paying	 my	 bills.	 We	 have
gone	 through	 this	 journey	 together	 and	 have	 created	 a	 relationship
between	us	which	is	unbreakable.	I	love	you	dad!
Rheumatology	Team	at	Kiderspital	Zurich:	Thank	you	for	all	of	the
patience	that	 you	 have	 had	 with	me.	You	 all	 are	 very	 kind	 and	 hav
helped	through	 all	the	 hard	times.	Words	 can	 not	 even	 describe	 how
much	I	thank	you.
Keirra:	When	I	was	sad,	you	would	pick	me	back	up.	You	are	the	most
kindhearted	people	I	know	and	I	truly	have	no	idea	why	you	came	into
this	 crazy	 ride	 along	with	me.	I	 love	 you	 and	 hope	we	will	 always	 be
friends!
Cora:	Here	it	is!	Thank	you	for	everything	and	all	of	your	hard	work!	I
truly	appreciate	it!
Mr.	 Grover:	Thank	 you	 for	 all	 of	 your	 support	 throughout	 the	 years.
You	 are	 the	 most	 amazing	 person	 I	 know!	 You	 rule!	 Thank	 you	 for
everything!
Mr.	 Loughrin:	 Thank	 you	 for	 helping	 me	 write	 this	 book	 and	 for
supporting	me	in	every	step	of	the	way.
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    Who Defines Me? A book about SJIA. - Page 6
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    		Contents	Page
Chapter	1:	My	Journey	-	A	Brief
History........................................
Chapter	2:	The	Basics................
Chapter	3:	Symptoms.................
Chapter	4:	Treatments...............
Chapter	5:	Organizations	and
Events........................................
Chapter	6:	My	Future	-	Where
we	go	from	Here.........................
15
27
33
53
45
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    SJIA	 made	 me	 stronger.	 It	 made	 me
want	to	keep	fighting.			It	motivates	me
to	say,	'I	know	I	can	do	this.'
Haley,	Age	19
Having	people
who	appreciate
you	and	support
you	means
everything!	
Beatriz,	15
Don’t	give	up.
Keep	fighting
through	and
don’t	let	Arthritis
stop	you.
Tess,	16
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    Chapter	1:	My	Journey	-	
A	Brief	History
I	 am	 Beatriz,	 and	 I	 have	 Systemic	 Juvenile
Idiopathic	Arthritis.	Being	a	child	with	this	condition
is	not	easy	in	many	different	aspects	but	there	are
always	ways	in	which	people	support	you	and	give
advice,	 especially	 in	 the	 beginning	 when	 the
change	 is	 a	 big	 part	 of	 your	 transition.	 However,
you	eventually	learn	to	cope	with	the	disease	and
see	yourself	like	everybody	else.	You	try	and	think
constantly	that	you	are	not	different,	but	the	thin
you	 need	 to	 learn	 is	 that,	 being	 different	 is	 what
makes	 you	 special.	 When	 a	 child	 is	 diagnosed
with	 JIA,	 it	 means	 that	 their	 life	 will	 change	 in
some	way,	no	matter	if	it	is	big	or	small,	positive	or
negative.	You	learn	that	you	will	have	to	face	new
challenges	 but	 you	 also	 have	 to	 remember	 that
every	challenge	also	comes	with	a	benefit	later	on,
even	 if	 you	 might	 think	 that	 benefit	 is	 not	 that
good.
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    For	 me,	 it	 all	 started	 in	 the	 beginning	 of
September	 2013,	 at	 the	 age	 of	 11	 when	 my
symptoms	started	to	appear.	It	first	started	with	a
rash	 on	 my	 legs	 and	 then	 quickly	 progressed	 to
high	fevers	 (40 )	that	would	always	come	in	the
morning	and	in	the	evening	around	the	same	time.
Whenever	 the	 fever	 came,	 it	 felt	 like	 it	 was
sucking	 all	 of	 the	 energy	 out	 of	 my	 body	 and
eventually	 all	 I	 would	 do	 is	 sleep	 the	 entire	 day.
After	 the	 fever,	 I	 started	 to	 feel	 pain,	 it	 was	 so
intense	that	I	 could	 not	 get	 up	from	 bed	 or	 even
move	on	the	bed	to	change	the	side	that	I	was	on.
Then,	after	many	days	of	going	to	the	emergency
room,	 the	 doctors	 decided	 to	 hospitalize	 me	 to
find	 out	 what	 was	 going	 on.	 This	 was	 what	 I
feared	 the	 most	 because	 I	 had	 never	 gone
through	 a	 hospitalization	 before	 and	 it	 was
completely	 new	 territory	 for	 me.	 When	 I	 was	 in
hospital,	the	doctors	already	knew	that	it	was	not
a	virus	so	antibiotics	would	not	have	helped	in	any
way.	 They	 knew	 this	 because	 no	 signs	 would
show	 up	 in	 the	 blood	 work	 only	 my	 CRP	 (C	 -
Reactive	Protein)	was	high.	This	result	shows
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    inflammation	signs	in	the	body.	By	this	time	I	was
already	on	painkillers	for	me	to	at	least	be	able	t
get	 around.	 After	 7	 days	 in	 hospital,	 the	 doctors
found	 out	that	I	 had	Systemic	 Juvenile	Idiopathic
Arthritis.	As	I	was	11,	a	lot	of	excitement	came	to
mind	 as	 I	 would	 start	 my	 secondary	 school	 that
same	 year	 but	 then	 that	 was	 quickly	 shattered
when	the	first	few	weeks	of	school	I	had	to	spend
at	home.
Once	 I	 was	 out	 of	 the	 hospital,	 doctors
started	 me	 on	 corticosteroids	 as	 well	 as	 other
medicines	to	reduce	the	anti	-	inflammatory	drugs
side	effects.	And	by	the	end	of	September	2013,	I
already	 was	 diagnosed	 and	 at	 home	 and	 we
started	 reducing	 the	 steroids	 until	 February	 of
2014	 when	 we	 were	 able	 to	 reach	 a	 dose	 of
2.5mg	per	day.	This	was	a	 very	good	 sign	and	it
made	the	entire	family	think	that	the	disease	had
finally	 gone	 into	 remission	 but	 that	 was	 not	 the
case.
By	 March	 2014,	 the	 rash	 started	 to	 appear
again.	The	doctors	then	decided	to	go	up	with	the
corticosteroid	dose	and	start	with	the
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methotrexate	 treatment.	 Once	 I	 was	 stable,	 in
November	2014,	the	doctors	decided	to	try	again
and	start	to	reduce	the	steroids	because	it	is	not	
good	idea	to	be	a	long	time	on	steroids	as	it	can
cause	many	side	effects.	While	I	was	reducing	the
steroids,	 I	 was	 still	 taking	 subcutaneous
Methotrexate	injections	once	a	week.
In	December	2014,	my	fever	started	to	spike
up	 again	 so	 the	 doctors	 decided	 to	 increase	 the
dose	 of	 steroids	I	was	taking	 again.	A	 short	time
later,	in	February	2015,	I	started	a	new	biological
called	 actemra	 which	 was	 an	 infusion	 at	 the
hospital	 once	 every	 two	 weeks.	 At	 this	 time	 my
schedule	was	pretty	easy	as	I	was	in	grade	7	and
did	not	have	a	lot	of	work	to	do.	In	the	beginning,
actemra	looked	like	was	going	to	be	the	medicine
that	would	work,	that	was	until	May	2015	came.
May	 2015	 was	 one	 of	 the	 most
uncomfortable	 months	 I	 had	 in	 my	 entire	 life.
Everything	was	OK	until	my	body	started	to	have
an	allergic	reaction	to	the	actemra	biological	that	I
was	taking.	Not	only	that	but	it	was	also	no	longer
working.	Once	my	doctor	found	this	out,	in	June
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2015	 I	 started	 the	 Ilaris	 which	 is	 also	 known	 as
canakinumab.
After	spending	June,	July	and	part	of	August
with	the	Ilaris	injection,	at	the	end	of	August	2015,
my	doctors	and	I	decided	to	change	to	the	kineret
(anakinra).	At	this	time	I	was	taking	one	injection	a
day	until	September	2015	which	was	when	I	had
my	first	steroid	pulse	which	lasted	for	3	days.
In	the	middle	of	September	2015,	at	the	age
of	 13,	I	 did	 a	 blood	 work	 exam	 and	 some	 of	the
results	 did	 not	 come	 out	 so	 good	 so	I	 had	to	 go
into	hospital	again.	During	this	time	around	in	the
hospital,	I	was	diagnosed	with	MAS	which	is	also
known	as	Macrophage	Activation	Syndrome.	After
this	 diagnosis	 was	 made	 I	 started	 therapy	 with
cyclosporine	straight	away	as	well	as	doubled	the
dose	of	the	kineret.	Instead	of	1	shot,	I	would	tak
2.	 The	 doctors	 also	 decided	 to	 increase	 the
steroids	because	my	inflammation	was	starting	to
flare	 up	 again.	 This	 time	 of	 the	 year	 was	 also
when	I	had	to	make	one	of	the	hardest	decisions
of	my	life.	My	body	was	not	well	enough	for	me	to
do	sports	and	for	me	to	go	back	being	the
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energetic	girl	that	I	always	was	so	with	that	I	had
to	 stop	 playing	 football	 for	 the	 school	 team.
However	new	opportunities	were	starting	to	knock
on	the	 door,	I	 was	 offered	 an	 exchange	to	 go	to
Singapore	and	was	also	offered	a	position	to	help
the	Varsity	Boys	Basketball	Team.
In	June	2016,	we	failed	again	to	reduce	the
steroids	 so	 we	 resorted	 back	 to	 going	 to	 the
canakinumab	 medication.	 We	 also	 changed
because	 my	 legs	 were	 really	 hurt	 from	 taking	 2
injections	a	day.	However,	in	April	2017	we	failed
to	 reduce	the	 steroids	 again	 so	 we	then	 decided
to	 go	 ahead	 and	 start	 the	 again	 with	 the	 double
dose	 of	 kineret	 and	 steroids	 even	 though	 my
experience	 with	 it	 in	 the	 past	 was	 not	 very	 good
but	this	time	around,	it	was	not	as	bad.
In	 the	 end	 of	 May	 and	 beginning	 of	 July
2017,	 the	 kineret	 was	 starting	 to	 affect	 my	 liver
functions	 causing	 my	 liver	 values	 to	 go	 through
the	 roof.	 When	 the	 doctor	 saw	 this	 in	 my
bloodwork,	 she	 completely	 removed	 the	 kineret
and	 I	 was	 admitted	 into	 hospital	 until	 my	 liver
values	went	back	to	normal.	After	this	phase	was
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over,	we	never	decided	on	another	treatment.
Then	in	the	beginning	of	October	2017,	it	felt
like	 a	 miracle	 had	 happened.	 My	 family	 was
invited	 to	 a	 conference	 in	 the	 United	 States	 on
Systemic	 Juvenile	 Idiopathic	 Arthritis	 that	 was
being	hosted	by	the	SJIA	Foundation.	This	was	a
true	 blessing	 because	 we	 were	 able	 to	 discuss
new	 treatment	 methods	 in	 the	 future	 and	 also
discuss	what	are	the	next	steps	for	my	treatment.
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Take	the	medicine	your	doctor
prescribes	and	don’t	forget	to	take
it.	Don’t	give	up	an	keep	moving.	
Kaitland,	12
Stay	positive
and	have	a
heating	pad.	
Daniel,	9
It’s	tough	and
you	miss	a	lot
of	school	but	if
you	stay
positive,	you
get	through	it.	
Beatriz,	15
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Chapter	2:	The	Basics
Arthritis	 is	 a	 disease	 that	 is	 present	 in	 the
lives	of	many	people	in	our	world	today.	However
not	much	research	is	being	done	on	it	in	terms	of
what	 are	 its	 causes	 and	 why	 it	 happens.	Arthritis
found	 in	 children	 is	 different	 from	 the	 arthritis
found	in	adults	which	is	what	this	book	will	mainly
focus	on.	
Juvenile	 Idiopathic	 Arthritis,	 also	 known	 as
JIA,	is	a	chronic	illness	found	in	children	under	the
age	 of	 16.	 A	 chronic	 illness	 means	 that	 the
conditions	 persists,	 there	 is	 no	 cure,	 only
treatments	 in	 which	 will	 help	 the	 symptoms	 go
away	and	also	to	improve	with	your	health.	Also,	it
is	almost	impossible	to	say	how	long	a	person	will
be	ill	for	when	a	person	has	a	chronic	illness	(how
long	 the	 condition	 will	 stay	 active).	 Juvenile
Idiopathic	 Arthritis	 is	 characterized	 by	 joint
inflammation	which	leads	to	pain,	swelling	and
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limitation	 of	 movement	 in	 many	 children.	 	 The
word	idiopathic	in	the	term	means	that	the	cause
in	 why	 the	 chronic	 illness	 happens	 is	 unknown.
JIA	is	a	very	rare	disease	to	find	in	children	toda
but	at	least	1	-	2	children	in	every	1,000	have	it.
it	 is	 not	 really	 clear	 why	 this	 disease
happens.	Everybody	 has	 an	 immune	 system	that
protects	 your	 body	 from	 infections.	 Microbes	 like
viruses	 and	 bacterias,	 are	 seen	 as	foreign	things
in	 your	 body	 and	 your	 immune	 system	 can
distinguish	 them	 from	 your	 own	 cells	 and	 notice
that	 they	 are	 different.	 This	 releases	 a	 signal	 to
your	 brain	 for	 you	 to	 create	 other	 blood	 cells	 so
that	you	can	protect	yourself.	
JIA	 creates	 an	 abnormal	 response	 from
your	immune	system.	Your	immune	system	loses
the	 capacity	to	distinguish	 your	foreign	 cells	from
your	 healthy-self	 cells	 which	 in	 the	 end	 is	 what
leads	to	the	 inflammation,		 because	 your	 body	 is
attacking	your	own	body	this	is	why	JIA	is	defined
as	 an	 autoimmune	 disease.	 However,	 the
mechanisms	that	cause	JIA	to	occur	in	a	child	are
actually	unknown.
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Juvenile	 Idiopathic	 Arthritis	 is	 not	 a	 very
common	disease	for	kids	to	have	so,	there	is	not	a
lot	 of	 research	 done	 on	 it.	 What	 scientists	 have
already	found	out	is	that	this	chronic	illness	is	not
hereditary.	 This	 means	 that	 it	 can	 not	 be
transferred	 through	 genetics	 or	 transmitted	 from
parents	to	the	child.	As	far	as	research	goes	to	tr
and	 find	 out	 how	 this	 disease	 occurs,	 scientists
have	 gone	 into	 thinking	 that	 it	 might	 be	 because
of	 exposure	to	the	 environment.	This	means	that
things	 like	 viruses,	 infections	 or	 bacteria	 can	 be
the	 reason.	 Another	 hypothesis	 that	 scientists
have	 been	 looking	 at	 is	 genetic	 predisposing
factors,	this	is	when	there	has	been	a	 very	 small
change	 in	 genetics	from	 you	to	 your	 parents	that
may	have	caused	this	disease	to	happen.	
Diagnosing	Juvenile	Idiopathic	Arthritis	is	an
extremely	 complex	 diagnosis	 as	 there	 are	 so
many	 different	 types	 of	 this	 disease.	 When
doctors	are	making	a	diagnosis,	they	look	at	many
factors	like	medical	history,	laboratory	tests	(blood
work)	 and	 physical	 examinations.	 JIA	 tends	 to
affect	children	before	the	age	of	16	and	symptoms
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can	 last	 for	 more	 than	 6	 weeks	 at	 a	 time.	When
trying	 to	 diagnose	 as	 doctors	 have	 to	 rule	 out
every	 type	 of	 bacteria,	 virus	 or	 infection.	 In
children,	it	is	easier	to	make	an	arthritis	diagnosis
through	 physical	 examination	 as	 a	 child	 normally
should	not	have	any	pain	or	joint	problems.	
The	exact	type	of	arthritis	is	only	discovered
after	 a	 clear	 confirmation	 that	 the	 disease	 the
child	has	is	arthritis.	This	means	that	some	sort	o
treatment	 can	 start	 to	 make	 the	 child	 feel	 more
comfortable	 and	 more	 like	 themselves.	 Also,	 the
only	 way	 to	 be	 able	 to	 tell	 what	 specific	 type	 of
Juvenile	 Arthritis	 a	 kid	 has	 is	 to	 look	 for	 medical
help	 (a	 doctor)	 as	 a	 child	 would	 need	 a	 physical
examination.
JIA	 is	 a	 disease	 that	 normally	 targets	 the
synovial	 membrane	 which	 is	 also	 known	 as	 the
inner	lining	of	all	of	your	joints.	When	inflammation
occurs,	 this	 lining	 becomes	 thicker	 due	 to	 the
increase	 in	 inflammatory	 cells	 and	 tissues.	 As
there	 is	 an	 increase	 in	 those	 2	 things,	 it	 will
increase	the	fluid	inside	the	joint	causing	swellin
pain	and	also	limitation	in	movement.	Most	kids
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	 with	 JIA	 wake	 up	 with	 morning	 stiffness	 in	 their
joints	 as	they	 did	 not	move	 a	 lot	 at	 night	 but	this
usually	goes	away	after	10	-	30	minutes	of	moving
around	in	the	morning.	Normally,	a	 child	with	 JIA
sleeps	with	their	joints	in	a	 semi	 -	flexed	positio
as	 it	 can	 reduce	 pain.	 In	 the	 morning	 however,
this	 can	 also	 lead	to	muscle	 contraction	 which	 is
the	shortening	of	the	muscle.	This	can	also	lead	to
joint	damage	which	can	be	defined	in	2	ways;	the
synovial	membrane	 can	 become	too	thick,	 which
causes	the	loss	of	joint	cartilage	and	bone	but	thi
can	only	be	seen	in	x	-	rays.	Another	damage	that
it	can	lead	to	is	muscle	atrophy	which	is	the	waste
or	loss	of	a	muscle	meaning	that	your	movement
would	be	restricted	in	some	way.
JIA	normally	is	distinguished	by	the	number
of	joints	that	affects	a	young	child’s	body	but	tha
is	not	always	the	case	as	sometimes,	the	disease
does	not	only	attack	the	joints	but	also	the	organs
However,	 it	 is	 distinguished	 by	 the	 number	 of
joints	 affected	 the	 child	 in	 the	 first	 6	 months	 of
diagnosis.If	less	than	5	joints	were	affected	in	th
first	6	months	of	the	child's	diagnosis	with	no
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fever,	it	is	normally	called	Oligoarticular	JIA	and	if
more	 than	 5	 joints	 were	 affected	 in	 the	 first	 6
months	with	no	fever,	it	is	called	Polyarticular	JIA.
Symptoms	 can	also	help	doctors	to	diagnose	the
type	 of	 arthritis	 by	the	type	 of	 rash	the	 child	 has
and	how	high	fever	spikes.
Systemic	JIA	is	one	of	the	rarer	types	of	JIA
found	in	children	as	it	affects	less	than	10%	of	al
JIA	patients	around	the	world.	This	is	because	it	i
mostly	 found	 present	 in	 toddlers	 and	 preschool
children	 but	 a	 child	 at	 any	 age	 can	 still	 get	 this
disease.	 This	 type	 of	 arthritis	 is	 harder	 to
diagnose	 as	 organs	 are	 also	 involved	 and	 blood
work	 results	 can	 be	 easily	 manipulated	 if
inflammation	 from	 the	 disease	 surges.	 When
inflammation	 occurs,	 it	 can	 happen	 in	 your	 joints
as	well	as	your	organs	like	the	spleen,	liver,	lymp
nodes,	 and	 membranes	 around	 the	 heart
(pericarditis)	 and	 lungs	 (pleuritis).	 Symptoms	 like
a	rash	and	fever	come	along	with	the	disease	but
the	 rash	would	only	be	present	when	the	fever	is
present	as	well	(fever	comes	in	certain	periods	of
time	of	the	day)	as	well	as	muscle	pain.	Half	of	th
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Half	 of	 the	 patients	 diagnosed	 with	 systemic	 JIA
have	long	term	prognosis	meaning	that	it	will	take
the	disease	a	long	time	to	go	away	and	the	other
half,	the	disease	tends	to	subside.
Polyarticular	JIA	is	a	type	of	juvenile	arthritis
that	affects	5	or	more	joints	in	the	first	6	months	of
the	 disease	 after	 all	 of	 the	 symptoms	 are	 under
control.	 Polyarticular	 JIA	 is	 measured	 by	 2
different	blood	evaluation	in	the	rheumatoid	factor
(RF).	 RF	 negative	 is	 present	 in	 15	 -	 20%	 of	 all
polyarticular	JIA	cases	and	it	can	affect	a	child	o
any	age	and	also	any	joint	can	be	affected	(big	or
small).	 RF	 positive	 is	 more	 of	 a	 rare	 type	 of
arthritis	 to	 see	 in	 children	 as	 it	 affects	 less	 tha
5%	of	JIA	patients.	RF	positive	is	more	commonly
seen	 in	 adults	 and	 it	 normally	 only	 affects	 small
joints	 and	 it	 is	 symmetrical	meaning	that	 it	would
happen	to	both	sides	of	your	body.	If	Polyarticular
JIA	 is	 discovered	 at	 an	 early	 age,	the	 earlier	the
treatment	is	in	place	the	better	because	there	is	a
higher	 potential	 of	 the	 treatment	 working,	 but
doctors	also	have	to	keep	in	mind	that	every	child
reacts	differently	to	a	certain	treatment.
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Another	type	of	JIA	is	Oligoarticular	JIA	and
this	 is	 the	 most	 common	 type	 of	 arthritis	 in
children	 affecting	 50%	 of	 all	 of	 the	 cases.	 This
type	 of	 arthritis	 can	 be	found	 in	 2	 different	ways;
persistent	or	extended.	When	Oligoarticular	JIA	is
persistent,	 it	 means	 that	 the	 first	 joints	 that	 wer
affected	 in	 the	 first	 6	 months	 are	 the	 only	 joints
that	 will	 be	 affected	 throughout	 the	 disease	 and
when	 a	 child	 has	 extended	 Oligoarticular	 JIA,	 it
means	 that	 the	 joints	 can	 constantly	 be	 affected
and	there	is	nothing	the	child	can	do	to	stop	it	bu
to	 try	 new	 treatments.	 This	 subtype	 of	 JIA
normally	 manifests	 itself	 before	 a	 child	 reaches
the	age	of	6	and	it	is	also	more	commonly	seen	in
girls.	One	way	to	detect	this	type	of	arthritis	is	by
noticing	eye	complications	like	anterior	uveitis	bu
in	most	 cases,	this	 problem	 passes	 by	 unnoticed
due	to	the	many	other	problems	happening	to	the
child’s	body.
Psoriatic	arthritis	is	another	type	of	JIA.	This
type	of	JIA	is	associated	with	psoriasis	which	is	a
skin	 inflammatory	 disease	 which	 causes	 patches
of	scaling	skin,	usually	on	the	elbows	and	the
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knees	 and	 the	 elbows	 are	 not	 affected,	 the	 nails
are	 affected	 instead.	 JIA	 can	 be	 discovered	 in
psoriasis	 when	 there	 is	 also	 the	 swelling	 of	 the
finger	 and	the	toe	 (dactylitis)	 or	 nail	 pitting.	If	the
arthritis	 in	 onset	 when	 a	 child	 has	 this	 type	 of
arthritis,	they	also	have	to	get	their	eyes	regularly
checked	as	uveitis	can	occur.	This	type	of	arthriti
is	very	tricky	to	treat	as	children	all	over	the	world
have	 different	 types	 of	 skin	 meaning	 that	 the
treatment	 will	 vary	 from	 person	 to	 person	 but
scientist	 have	 found	 out	 that	 if	 the	 child	 has
Psoriatic	 arthritis	 but	 less	 than	 5	 joints	 affected
the	 child	 can	 be	treated	with	the	 same	treatment
as	 a	 child	 with	 oligoarticular	 arthritis	 and	 if	 mor
than	 5	 joints	 are	 affected,	 the	 treatment	 is	 the
same	 as	the	 one	to	 a	 child	 with	the	 polyarticular
type	of	arthritis.
Arthritis	can	also	be	associated	with	another
disease	 called	 enthesitis	 which	 most	 commonly
manifests	 itself	 in	 the	 larger	 joints	 of	 the	 lower
limbs	or	other	places	like	heels	and	soles	of	feet.
The	 enthesitis	 is	 the	 place	 in	 which	 the
inflammation	occurs	causing	the	person	a	lot	of
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pain.	What	scientists	have	discovered	however	is
that	 if	 a	 family	 tests	 positive	 for	 a	 HLA	 B27
laboratory	test,	it	most	likely	means	that	the	family
has	 had	 the	 predisposition	 to	 the	 disease.	 This
type	 of	 arthritis	 normally	 does	 not	 really	 affect
children	 under	 the	 age	 of	 6	 but	 if	 a	 child	 does
have	 it,	 doctors	 do	 have	 to	 be	 careful	 as	 the
inflammation	 can	 grow	 out	 towards	 the	 lower
spine	 and	 affect	 the	 sacroiliac	 joints	 which	 will
then	 limit	the	 child’s	movement	 on	the	 back.	If	 a
child	is	affected	with	this	type	of	pain	in	their	lower
back,	it	is	called	ankylosing	spondylitis.
JIA	 does	 not	 only	 cause	 problems	 in	 the
joints	and	some	organs,	sometimes	it	can	lead	to
other	 types	 of	 autoimmune	 diseases	 like
iridocyclitis	 which	 is	 a	 type	 of	 eye	 inflammation.
This	 is	 normally	 seen	 in	 patients	 diagnosed	 with
IA	 (intestinal	 atresia)	 or	 a	 positive	ANA	test.	 The
ANA	is	a	test	taken	to	find	out	if	a	person	has	an
autoimmune	disease	or	not,	it	is	normally	done	by
taking	 blood	 from	 the	 patient.	 The	 link	 of	 this	 to
the	 disease	 is	 unknown	 but	 even	 if	 the	 arthritis
has	been	said	to	be	remission,	the	patient	should
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still	 get	 regular	 check	 up	 on	 their	 eyes	 as	 it	 can
relapse	 at	 any	 point	 (even	 without	 inflammation).
JIA	 patients	 who	take	 cortisone	 also	 need	to	 get
their	eyes	regularly	checked	as	the	use	of	steroids
can	 lead	 to	 a	 cataract	 causing	 blurry	 vision	 and
sensitivity	to	light	and	also	high	blood	pressure.
Arthritis	 in	 children	 is	 different	to	 arthritis	 in
adults	 as	 so	 many	 different	 factors	 come	 into
place	when	talking	about	symptoms	and	also	how
it	 affects	 a	 person’s	 movement.	 Arthritis	 has	 a
Rheumatoid	 Factor	 (RF)	 to	 it.	 This	 means	 that
there	 are	 certain	 things	 that	 are	 visible	 in	 blood
work	 and	 others	 that	 are	 not.	 The	 difference	 is
that	on	adults,	the	RF	affects	at	least	70%	of	them
while	 it	 affects	 less	 than	 5%	 in	 kids.	 This	 is
because	as	you	get	older,	it	is	more	typical	to	fin
problems	 in	 blood	 work	 rather	 than	 physical
exams.	 However,	 systemic	 arthritis	 is	 a	 type	 of
arthritis	that	can	only	be	diagnosed	through	blood
work.
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•	I	feel	broken
•	I	feel	as	though	everyone	knows	I	am	different	
•	I	wonder	what	it	is	like	to	be	“normal”	without
arthritis
•	I	always	feel	tired	and	worn	out,	I	wonder	what	i
is	like	to	feel	happy	and	lively	like	all	my	friend
Jazmin,	Age	11
Shots	hurt	at	first	but	as	you	get	used	to	it,	it	starts	to
stop	hurting.	If	you	are	doing	the	shot,	you	can	as
them	to	numb	your	leg	or	count	to	3	or	to	whatever
number	you	prefer.	Another	thing	you	could	ask	is	t
hold	their	hand	and	squeeze	it.	
Caroline,	10
Never	give	up	because	you	are	never	alone.
Laughing	and	being	joyful	will	always	make	you
believe.	
Miranda,	17
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Chapter	3:	Symptoms
The	symptoms	of	Juvenile	Idiopathic	Arthritis
are	very	tricky	to	detect	in	many	times	as	they	can
be	thought	to	be	something	else	and	they	can	also
change	 day	 to	 day.	 There	 are	 many	 different
symptoms	 that	 can	 lead	 to	 a	 doctor	 to	 a	 JIA
diagnosis	 on	 a	 child	 but	 each	 kid	 will	 have
different	 symptoms.	 Some	 characteristics	 of	 the
symptoms	 of	 JIA	 help	 lead	 to	 a	 diagnosis	 of	 a
subtype	of	 JIA	 (a	 specific	type).	Doctors	 normally
never	diagnose	JIA	right	away	as	they	wait	to	see
if	 there	 are	 patterns	 in	 the	 symptoms	 which	 will
then	 help	 confirm	 that	 the	 disease	 is	 really	 JIA.
The	 symptoms	 that	 are	 most	 commonly	 seen	 in
JIA	are	 rashes,	fever,	eye	problems,	 pain,	weight
loss	or	gain,	swelling	and	stiffness.
Rash:	 The	 most	 common	 symptom	 of	 JIA	 is	 a
faint	 pink	 rash	 which	 can	 normally	 be	found	 over
the	knuckles	of	your	fingers,	cheek,	nose	arms
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and	 legs.	 It	 does	 not	 normally	 itch	 and	 it	 also
tends	to	 come	 and	 go	 either	with	 a	fever	 or	fade
out	throughout	 some	 days.	 The	 hard	thing	 about
detecting	a	JIA	rash	is	that	it	can	be	confused	wit
an	allergic	reaction,	eczema	or	poison	Ivy.
Fever:	 Another	 very	 common	 symptom	 that	 is
seen	 in	 almost	 every	 single	 case	 of	 JIA	 is	fever.
The	fevers	normally	tend	to	go	up	as	high	as	40
(104 )	 and	 be	 very	 frequent.	 Sometimes	 they
have	a	schedule	and	only	come	at	certain	times	of
day	 and	 then	 leave	 without	 any	 medication	 but
that	is	normally	only	in	rare	cases.
Eye	 Problems:	 JIA	 can	 also	 be	 diagnosed
through	 recognizing	 eye	 complications	 in	 a	 child
such	 as	 iritis	which	 is	 an	 inflammation	 in	the	 eye
or	 uveitis	 which	 is	 an	 inflammation	 in	 the	 middle
layer	in	the	eyes.	However	these	are	not	the	only
symptoms	that	the	eye	can	show	as	a	child	can	all
of	a	sudden	start	complaining	about	blurred	vision
due	 to	 light	 or	 even	 pain	 in	 the	 eyes.	 In	 some
cases,	the	eye	also	might	even	present	to	have	a
little	 redness	 which	 many	 doctors	 may	 also
confuse	as	pinkeye.
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Pain:	Arthritis	can	cause	2	different	types	of	pain.
The	first	type	of	pain	is	joint	pain	which	usually	will
happen	 after	 the	 child	 has	 had	 a	 long	 day	 of
activity.	 The	 second	 type	 of	 pain	 is	 muscle	 pain
which	normally	presents	itself	in	the	morning.	The
JIA	 pain	 can	 affect	 your	 entire	 body	 and	 it	 can
develop	 slowly	 over	 time.	 The	 problem	 with	 this
JIA	 symptom	 is	 that	 not	 always	 pain	 medication
like	ibuprofen	and	acetaminophen	work.
Weight	Loss	and	Weight	Gain:	If	the	child	used
to	 be	 a	 healthy	 kid	 and	 was	 not	 really	 a	 picky
eater	 but	 now	 is,	 this	 could	 be	 one	 of	 the
symptoms	of	JIA.	It	all	mainly	starts	of	by	the	child
saying	 that	 they	 are	 not	 hungry	 or	 even	 just
saying	 they	 might	 not	 like	 the	 food.	 The	 child's
weight	 would	 go	 down	 increasingly	fast	 and	 also
their	 energy	 levels	 go	 down.	 However,	 it	 is	 not
only	weight	loss	that	can	cause	the	diagnosis	but
also	 weight	 gain	 and	 the	 child	 is	 overeating
because	of	the	urge	of	constantly	feeling	like	they
are	hungry.
Swelling:	 Not	 all	 types	 of	 arthritis	 show	 swelling
in	the	joints	however,	the	skin	can	also	feel	hot	o
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warm	to	the	touch.	Swelling	can	also	be	 seen	by
showing	 redness	 on	 the	 skin	 but	 it	 is	 not
necessarily	 a	 rash.	 When	 swelling	 does	 actually
happen,	 it	 usually	 is	 one	 of	 the	 strongest
symptoms	 and	 it	 happens	 in	 bigger	 joints	 like
hands,	feet	and	knees.
Stiffness:	Stiffness	 is	 one	 of	 the	 symptoms	 that
might	come	later	on	after	the	first	few	weeks.	It	i
usually	present	in	the	morning	when	the	child	first
wakes	 up	 and	 can	 get	 either	 better	 or	 worse
throughout	the	course	of	the	day.	You	can	notice
stiffness	 if	 the	 child	 is	 holding	 their	 joint	 in	 th
same	 position	 or	 even	 struggling	 to	 perform
normal	 movement	 like	 getting	 up	 from	 bed	 or
holding	a	spoon.
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Sometimes	you	will
get	bullied	but
that’s	ok.	You	are
you.	Nothing	can
break	you.	If	you
are	in	a	sad
situation,	ask
someone	for	help.	
Angie,	10
I	now	know	that	there	are	other	kids
like	me	and	that	makes	me	happy.
	Crystal,	13
My	Mom	keeps
up	on	everything
medical	with	me.
I	am	lucky	it	was
caught	early	and
nothing	will	stop
me.	
Drake,	14
Sometimes	you	will
get	bullied	but
that’s	ok.	You	are
you.	Nothing	can
break	you.	If	you
are	in	a	sad
situation,	ask
someone	for	help.	
Angie,	10
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I	was	diagnosed	with	JA	in	2009	and	life	has
pretty	much	been	flipped	upside	down.	But	my
advice	to	you	is	to	find	someone	who	has	JA	as
well.	Because	it	will	most	likely	be	that	the	stuff
that	you	are	going	through,	they	have	gone
through	as	well.	
Anna,	16
When	you	hurt	remember	you	are	not	alone.
There	are	many	kids	who	are	dealing	with
the	same	things.	The	thing	to	remember	is
that	arthritis	gives	you	strength.	
Allie,	16
	I've	had	arthritis	now	for	about	a	year	and	here	are
some	things	I’ve	learned.	When	you	have	shots	that
make	you	feel	sick,	usually	a	cold	drink	and	nausea
medicine	helps.	Also,	if	you	are	feeling	down	and
really	tired	it	helps	to	watch	a	movie	with	family	and
friends	or	even	cuddling	with	a	pet.	
Emily,	15
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Chapter	4:	Treatments	
There	is	no	 cure	for	 JIA	however,	there	are
existing	medications	and	treatments	in	which	help
control	 the	 symptoms	 like	 pain	 and	 inflammation
which	then	leads	to	the	improvement	in	the	quality
of	 life	 of	 the	 patient.	 One	 thing	 that	 has	 shown
significant	results	in	JIA	is	that	the	earlier	you	start
a	 treatment,	 the	 higher	 the	 chances	 are	 that	 the
child	will	go	into	remission.	JIA	has	many	differen
types	 of	 treatment	 as	 a	 certain	 treatment	 might
work	for	one	child	but	might	not	work	for	the	other
When	treating	JIA,	what	doctors	try	to	do	to
make	the	immune	 system	more	 relaxed	 so	that	 it
does	not	attack	the	good	cells	of	your	body	which
is	 what	 would	 have	 been	 causing	 the
inflammation.	 However,	 making	 your	 immune
system	 more	 relaxed,	 it	 means	 that	 the	 risks	 for
infections	 and	 viruses	 increase	 because	 your
defense	system	is	not	as	good.
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When	a	 child	first	 receives	the	 diagnosis	 of
JIA,	the	doctor	will	probably	prescribe	medication
to	 manage	 the	 symptoms.	 Further	 treatment
would	 then	 be	 discussed.	 In	 the	 beginning,	 the
objective	 is	 to	 hit	 the	 disease	 hard	 so	 that	 all
inflammation	 signs	 go	 down	 and	 to	 prevent	 any
further	 damage	 to	 happen.	 Next,	 	 further
discussion	 about	 what	 treatment	 will	 take	 place
has	 to	 be	 done	 to	 try	 and	 prevent	 the	 disease
from	 progressing	 because	 it	 can	 cause	 the
destruction	of	the	 child's	joints,	bones,	 cartilages,
and	 soft	 tissues	 like	 muscles,	 tendons	 and	 joint
capsules.	 Most	 of	 the	 time,	 the	 medication	 the
child	has	to	take	will	be	given	in	a	pill	form.
NSAIDs	 is	 one	 of	 the	 treatments	 most
commonly	used	when	first	diagnosing	JIA.	NSAID
stands	for	non	-	steroidal	anti	inflammatory	drugs.
What	 this	 treatment	 basically	 does	 is	 that	 it
relieves	the	 inflammation	 symptoms	 in	 your	 body
(anti	-	inflammatory	part	of	drug).	It	also	works	a
an	 antipyretic	 which	 is	 what	 helps	 keep	 fevers
down.	The	only	down	side	to	NSAIDs	is	that	they
can	not	induce	remission	to	the	disease,	it	can
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only	control	it.	Other	more	inexpensive	drugs	like
ibuprofen	 or	 naproxen	 are	 not	 used	 as	 much
today	 as	 they	 have	 a	 high	 risk	 of	 toxicity	 which
can	cause	liver	toxicity	and	high	blood	levels.	
When	 a	 patient	 has	 oligoarticular	 arthritis
and	 have	 one	 or	 more	 joints	 affected,	 the
treatment	 option	 they	 would	 go	 for	 is	 joint
injections.	 This	 is	 because	 it	 will	 relieve	 the	 pai
and	allow	them	to	move	a	lot	better	as	when	they
have	a	large	amount	of	inflammation	in	the	joint,	i
restricts	their	movement	 quite	 a	 bit.	The	 injection
is	a	long	acting	corticosteroid	preparation	which	i
injected	in	a	place	with	local	anesthesia.	This	typ
of	treatment	can	be	repeated	more	than	once	but
it	 is	 not	 recommended	 that	 a	 child	 does	 it	 more
than	 3	 times	 in	 1	 year.	 Joint	 injections	 are	 also
used	 as	 a	 combination	 with	 other	 treatments	 in
JIA	like	bridging	agents	as	they	can	achieve	rapid
improvements	in	a	short	period	of	time.
When	 a	 child	 shows	to	 have	 a	 severe	 or	 a
progressive	 case	 of	 polyarthritis,	 it	 is
recommended	that	they	take	a	second	level	drug
alongside	their	NSAID	therapy.	However,	these
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second	level	drugs	only	show	results	after	several
weeks	or	months	of	use.
One	 of	the	most	 popular	 second	 level	 drug
is	 called	methotrexate	which	 is	the	first	 choice	 in
which	 doctors	 go	 to	 if	 they	 see	 that	 other	 JIA
treatments	are	not	working.	It	is	a	medication	that
has	 now	 been	 used	 for	 several	 years	 and	 it	 is
easy	to	monitor	 as	the	 patient	 only	 has	to	take	 it
1x	per	week	and	also	safe	to	use	as	the	history	of
the	 drugs	 effectiveness	 has	 progressed
throughout	 the	 years.	 The	 maximum	 effective
dose	is	15mg	and	this	is	either	given	in	oral	form
(a	 pill)	 or	 in	 a	 subcutaneous	 injection.
Methotrexate	 is	 normally	 the	 first	 option	 of	 a
second	 level	 drug	 for	 a	 patient	 with	 polyarticular
JIA	 but	 it	 has	 proven	 to	 be	 effective	 with	 other
types	of	arthritis	as	well	mainly	because	of	it’s	anti
-	 inflammatory	 characteristics.	 One	 interesting
thing	about	this	drug	is	that	in	some	cases,	it	has
shown	 to	 reduce	 the	 disease	 progression
however,	 scientist	 do	 not	 know	 the	 reason	 why
this	 is.	 When	 taking	 methotrexate,	 patients	 do
have	to	make	laboratory	examinations	very
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regularly	 as	 the	 drug	 could	 cause	 some	 liver
function	 problems.	 By	 combining	 another	 drug
called	folic	 acid	with	methotrexate,	 it	 reduces	the
risks	 of	 side	 effects	 on	 the	 liver	 making	 the
medication	even	more	successful	for	JIA	patients.
An	 alternative	 to	 methotrexate	 is	 a
medication	 called	 leflunomide	 which	 is	 similar	 to
methotrexate	but	it	is	only	given	to	children	if	it	is
proven	that	the	methotrexate	is	not	working	or	the
child	 can	 not	 tolerate	 it	 (if	 they	 are	 taking
subcutaneous	 injections).	 Leflunomide	 is	 given
orally	 and	 the	 treatment	 efficiency	 has	 been
proven	 but	 the	 medication	 shows	 to	 be	 more
expensive	than	methotrexate.
Other	 medications	 like	 salazopyrin	 or
cyclosporine	 are	 used	 as	 non	 -	 biologic	 drugs	 to
treat	JIA	even	though	not	as	much	study	has	been
done	about	it.	This	treatment	today	is	not	used	as
much	 as	the	 experience	 is	more	 limited	 because
not	many	 people	 have	 used	 it.	 Also,	 countries	 in
which	 have	 access	to	 biologic	 agents	 also	 prefer
not	 to	 go	 forward	 with	 this	 treatment	 as	 other
treatments	can	show	to	be	more	effective.	When
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When	cyclosporine	treatment	is	decided	to	be	put
to	 the	 test,	 it	 is	 normally	 used	 with	 patients
diagnosed	 with	 systemic	 JIA	 and	 the	 medication
would	 be	 used	 along	 with	 corticosteroids.	 This
medication	is	normally	only	used	when	the	patient
has	 macrophage	 activation	 syndrome	 which	 is	 a
life	threatening	complication	of	systemic	JIA.
Corticosteroids	are	one	of	the	most	effective
anti-inflammatory	 drug	 in	 JIA	 as	 well	 as	 in	 other
diseases	however,	it	is	very	limited	because	of	its
long-term	side	effects	like	stunted	growth	or	even
osteoporosis	which	is	when	the	bone	is	in	a	 very
fragile	 condition.	 The	 drug	 is	 known	 to	 treat	 the
systemic	 symptoms	 that	 resist	 to	 other	 JIA
therapies.	 Corticosteroids	 today	 is	 being	 used
more	as	a	“bridge”	drug	to	control	acute	diseases
while	the	doctors	wait	until	the	 second	level	drug
to	 take	 effect.	 However,	 corticosteroids	 can	 also
be	used	alone	before	tying	it	alongside	a	 second
level	drug.
The	newest	group	of	drugs	introduced	to	JIA
are	called	biologic	agents	and	they	are	drugs	with
biologic	engineering	that	help	to	block	the
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inflammatory	 process	 of	 JIA.	 What	 is	 different
about	these	drugs	compared	to	other	JIA	drugs	is
that	 they	 are	 not	 directed	 to	 a	 specific	 molecule,
they	 are	 directed	 overall	 to	 stop	 the	 entire
process.	 As	 these	 drugs	 are	 relatively	 knew,	 a
final	conclusion	as	to	if	they	are	successful	or	no
has	 not	 yet	 been	 made	 and	 scientists	 have	 said
that	 some	 modifications	 to	 the	 drugs	 might	 also
have	to	take	place.
A	list	of	drugs	that	are	also	relatively	new	to
JIA	are	anti	-	TNF	drugs.	These	drugs	are	used	to
block	 the	 TNF	 which	 are	 supposedly	 the
mediators	 of	the	 inflammatory	 process.	They	 can
be	 used	 alone	 or	 alongside	 methotrexate.	 Since
the	 start	 of	their	 usage	 in	treatment	for	 JIA,	they
have	shown	success	however,	the	long-term	side
effects	are	still	unknown	as	these	drugs	have	just
started	 to	 be	 put	 to	 the	 test.	 So	 far	 there	 are	 3
drugs	 that	 have	 been	 approved.	 The	 first	 drug
option	 is	 a	 subcutaneous	 injection	 1	 -	 2	 times	 a
week	 called	 Etanercept.	 The	 second	 drug	 option
is	 also	 a	 subcutaneous	 that	 has	 to	 be	 taken	 2
times	a	week	called	adalimumab.	Finally,	the	third
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Finally,	the	third	drug	that	has	been	approved	for
JIA	 is	 infliximab	 which	 is	 an	 intravenous	 infusion
once	 a	 month.	 Currently,	 there	 are	 2	 other
medications	that	are	under	study	which	are	called
golimumab	 and	 certolizumab	 pegol.	 All	 of	 these
can	be	used	to	treat	JIA	but	these	drugs	have	not
showed	 as	 strong	 as	 an	 effect	 with	 patients	 with
oligoarthritis	 but	 have	 shown	 effect	 in	 decreasing
symptoms.
Abatacept	 is	 the	 name	 of	 another
medication	to	treat	arthritis.	It	 can	also	be	 known
as	 Anti	 CTL4lg.	 This	 medication	 is	 directed	 to	 a
specific	 type	 of	 white	 blood	 cell	 called	 T
lymphocytes.	 Today,	 this	 treatment	 is	 only	 being
used	with	children	that	have	polyarthritis	and	have
not	 responded	 well	 to	 methotrexate	 or	 biologic
agents.
A	treatment	that	 also	 exists	 but	 is	 normally
only	used	to	treat	patients	with	systemic	JIA	is	anti
interleukin	 1	 and	 anti	 interleukin	 6.	 However,
these	 treatments	 are	 only	 put	 to	 trial	 when	 the
patient	 with	 systemic	 JIA	 has	 already	 tried	 other
treatments	like	corticosteroids	and	methotrexate.
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When	 looking	 at	 anti	 interleukin	 1,	 there	 are	 2
different	medications,	anakinra	and	canakinumab.
These	 two	 medications	 are	 both	 subcutaneous
injections	 that	 help	 treat	 systemic	 manifestation
like	 fever	 and	 also	 help	 to	 treat	 arthritis.
Tocilizumab	is	the	name	of	the	medication	for	the
anti	interleukin	6.	This	medication	is	also	used	in
patients	with	polyarticular	JIA	if	the	patient	show
no	response	to	biologic	agents	or	methotrexate.
Surgery	is	rarely	used	as	a	way	to	treat	JIA
as	there	is	not	 really	much	you	can	do.	It	can	be
used	 as	 a	 method	 to	 fix	 damage	 made	 from	 the
arthritis	with	things	like	replacing	a	damaged	join
or	even	to	straighten	a	bent	or	a	deformed	muscle
but	it	is	never	used	as	a	form	of	treatment.
If	 the	 JIA	 has	 made	 the	 child	 get	 an	 eye
problem	due	to	the	disease	itself	or	also	as	a	side
effect	 on	 any	 of	 the	 medicines,	 treatments	 and
cures	can	be	offered.	If	the	child	has	uveitis,	it	will
have	 to	 be	 accompanied	 by	 an	 ophthalmologist
over	 a	 period	 of	 time.	 If	 the	 patient	 has	 a	 side
effect	 (like	 a	 cataract),	 the	 patient	 can	 easily	 ge
surgery	to	repair	it	but,	keep	in	mind	that	in	orde
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to	do	this,	the	patient	has	to	be	in	remission.
Dental	 care	 is	 important	 as	 well	 when
looking	 at	 JIA	 because	 one	 of	the	 joints	that	 can
be	 affected	 is	 the	 jaw	 joint.	 The	 child	 may	 feel
pain	 and	 stiffness.	 This	 is	 because	 treatments
from	JIA	can	alter	the	growth	of	the	joint	making	i
smaller	than	it	should.	If	this	is	the	case,	the	child
will	have	to	experience	more	dental	visits	as	some
solution	might	be	offered	from	the	dentist	himself.
Splints	can	also	be	used	in	JIA	as	a	way	of
helping	the	child	to	cope,	they	are	mainly	used	in
the	joints	that	are	most	active	throughout	the	day
like	 knees,	 wrists	 and	 fingers.	 Physiotherapy
might	 also	 be	 recommended	 to	 try	 and	 add
flexibility	 to	 some	 joints	 so	 that	 they	 can	 bend
better	as	well	as	help	with	muscle	shortening	and
balance	problems.
When	your	doctor	has	told	you	or	any	other
patient	 that	 their	 JIA	 is	 in	 remission,	 what	 they
mean	is	that	the	disease	is	no	longer	active	at	the
time	in	the	child’s	body.	When	a	doctor	says	this,
usually	means	that	you	are	showing	the	signs	that
the	American	College	of	Rheumatology	(ACR)
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have	 declared	 as	 signs	 of	 remission.	 The	 signs
are	that	all	the	patients	blood	work	has	gone	back
to	 normal	 as	 well	 as	 their	 blood	 pressure.	 The
patient	 should	 also	 feel	 back	 to	 themselves	 ,	 so
things	 like	 fatigue,	 and	 joint	 pain	 would	 still	 be
signs	 that	 there	 is	 still	 some	 activation	 in	 your
system.	 If	 the	 doctor	 has	 said	 you	 are	 in
remission,	physical	appointments	as	well	as	blood
work	appointments	might	start	to	space	out	a	little
bit	more.
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My	advice	to	you	is	not	to	be	ashamed	/
embarrassed	of	having	arthritis.	Once	you	feel
like	you	can	talk	about	it,	it	gets	easier	to	deal
with	those	who	don’t	understand.	Some	people
don’t	understand	and	you	need	to	teach	them.
Just	remember	to	have	patience.	
Katherine,	15
If	you	have
arthritis,	go
swimming
because	it	is
fun	and	good
for	you.	
Siniya,	9
When	I	exersiz
it	helps	me	feel
happy.	
Leigha,	9
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Chapter	5:	Organisations
and	Events
There	 are	 many	 organisations	 around	 the
world	that	exist	today	to	 raise	awareness	for	both
juvenile	 arthritis	 and	 arthritis	 but	 these	 are	 not
recognised	the	way	they	 should	be	mainly	due	to
the	 lack	 of	 awareness	 and	 spreading	 the	 word.
These	 organisation	 try	 and	 do	 many	 things	 to
support	people	who	suffer	from	arthritis.	They	host
events	 like	 camps	 or	 even	 conferences	 so	 that
people	can	talk	more	about	the	disease	and	raise
awareness.	 Below	 are	 some	 organisations	 and
some	events	that	have	been	hosted	in	the	past	to
raise	awareness	towards	arthritis.
Kids	 Get	 Arthritis	 Too	 Organisation:	 This
organisation	 is	 possibly	the	most	famous	 juvenile
arthritis	awareness	organisation	in	the	world.	They
are	 in	 link	 with	 the	 Arthritis	 Foundation	 who	 are
actually	 their	 founders.	 This	 organisation	 was
founded	in	1948	because	of	the	lack	of	research
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done	 on	 arthritis	 (for	 both	 children	 and	 adults).
This	 organisation	 is	 considered	 to	 be	 the	 leader
organisation	of	the	arthritis	community	as	it	is	th
biggest	one.	Kids	Get	Arthritis	Too	is	a	non	-	profit
organisation	 and	 their	 mission	 statement	 is	 “We
exist	 to	 conquer	 arthritis.	 We	 are	 the	 champions
of	Yes”.	The	Kids	Get	Arthritis	Too	Organisations
host	 many	 events	 like	 camps	 for	 kids	 as	 well	 as
arthritis	 conferences.	 The	 website	 helps	 inform
kids	about	their	disease	and	also	share	other	kids
stories	 and	 how	 they	 dealt	 with	 the	 disease.	 As
this	 organisation	 is	 also	 linked	 to	 the	 arthritis
foundation,	 it	 is	 also	worth	 knowing	that	they	 are
the	 publishers	 of	 the	 award	 winning	 magazine
arthritis	 today	 which	 has	 more	 than	 4.2	 million
subscribers	 to	 it.	 The	 Kids	 Get	 Arthritis	 Too
Organisation	 is	 an	 organisation	 where	 you	 can
see	it	offers	support	even	through	the	hard	times.
Juvenile	 Arthritis	 Association:	 Founded	 in
2012,	 the	 Juvenile	 Arthritis	 Association	 is	 one	 of
the	newest	organisations	to	join	the	fight	in	raising
awareness.	It	is	a	non	-	profit	organisation	mainly
dedicating	their	time	funding	research	towards
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finding	a	cure	or	a	more	convincing	treatment	for
juvenile	 arthritis.	 Their	 main	 focus	 is	 CARE
(Community,	 Awareness,	 Research,
Empowerment),	this	 is	their	motto	 and	 what	they
strive	 to	 do.	 As	 this	 is	 a	 relatively	 new
organisation,	 not	 much	 involvement	 has	 been
done	but	things	like	having	an	informative	website
and	 a	 good	 support	 base	 are	 what	 starts	 of	 a
successful	 organisation.	 The	 Juvenile	 Arthritis
Association	 are	 currently	 having	 a	 public	 service
announcement	campaign	to	try	and	see	if	it	raises
more	awareness.	The	role	of	empowerment	in	this
association	 is	 very	 important	to	them	 and	 is	 also
one	 of	 their	 main	 priorities	 as	 they	 try	 and	 help
kids	 to	 not	 be	 scared	 of	 their	 disease	 and	 to
inspire	them	to	 do	 what	they	 want	to	 do	 and	 not
let	 the	 disease	 stop	 them.	 The	 Juvenile	 Arthritis
Association	 is	 a	 community	 where	 you	 can	 tell
that	everyone	supports	each	other.	
Cure	 Arthritis	 Organisation:	 The	 Cure	 Arthritis
Organisation	 was	 created	 in	 1952	 to	 raise
awareness	 about	 arthritis	 and	 to	 raise	 funds	 for
research.	Today	it	is	the	second	biggest	arthritis
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awareness	organisation	in	the	world	that	is	non	 -
profit.	 The	 organisation	 mainly	 focuses	 on
Juvenile	 Arthritis	 as	 the	 people	 from	 within	 the
organisation	 see	that	more	 progress	 needs	to	 be
done	 around	 that	 area	 instead	 of	 only	 just
focusing	 on	 adult	 arthritis.	 This	 organisation
mainly	 raises	 money	 through	 events	 in	 which
sometimes	 they	 try	 and	 collaborate	 with	 the
Arthritis	 Foundation	 Organisation.	 However,	 this
organisation	also	raises	awareness	with	their	own
events	 that	 they	 host	 like	 the	 racing	 for	 a	 cure
event	which	 you	 can	 read	more	about	later	on	in
this	chapter.	
Systemic	 JIA	 Organisation:	 The	 Systemic	 JIA
organisation	was	founded	in	2014	by	parents	who
have	a	kid	that	is	diagnosed	with	JIA.	They	are	a
non	 -	profit	organisation	which	is	mainly	based	in
the	United	states.	Their	mission	statement	is	that
they	 want	 to	 find	 a	 cure	 for	 Systemic	 Juvenile
Idiopathic	 Arthritis	 (SJIA),	 a	 serious	 and
sometimes	 lethal	 childhood	 disease.	 This
organisation	 not	 only	 gives	 support	 to	 many
parent	through	their	Facebook	group	and
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conferences	 but	 they	 also	 help	 to	 inform	 other
parents	 on	 clinical	 trials	 and	 how	 effective	 new
research	medicines	are	towards	SJIA.
Arthritis	Awareness	Month:	Arthritis	 awareness
month	 is	 celebrated	 every	 year	 in	 the	 month	 of
July	all	over	the	world.	June	is	arthritis	awarenes
month	for	the	elderly	in	the	united	 states	while	in
July	 it	 is	 for	 both	 juvenile	 and	 elderly	 arthritis	 all
over	 the	 world.	 Arthritis	 awareness	 month	 is	 not
very	advertised	all	over	the	world.	An	estimate	of
about	 300,000	 people	 in	 the	 US	 try	 and	 raise
awareness	 but	 without	 the	 contribution	 of	 many
people,	there	 is	 not	 really	 a	way	 in	which	 people
could	 spread	 the	 word	 quickly.	 In	 this	 month	 is
when	 organisations	 take	 most	 of	 their	 time	 to
organise	events	to	try	and	raise	funds.	The	raising
of	these	funds	is	done	through	walks,	donations	or
even	volunteer	work.	Other	countries	in	the	world
also	 celebrate	 arthritis	 awareness	 month	 in	 May
but	it	is	also	not	very	advertised.
Juvenile	 Arthritis	 Conference:	 The	 juvenile
arthritis	 conference	 is	 hosted	 every	 year	 by	 the
Kids	Get	Arthritis	Too	Organisation	which	is	linked
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to	 the	 Arthritis	 Foundation.	 The	 objective	 of	 this
conference	 is	 to	 let	 families	 bond	 and	 also	 let
them	 share	 what	they	 have	 gone	through.	 There
have	 been	 more	 than	 24,800	 families	 that	 have
participated	in	this	4	day	conference	in	the	past	3
years.	Parents	think	that	it	is	a	great	opportunity	to
trade	 ideas	 with	 other	 families	 on	 what	 the	 best
treatment	option	for	the	child	will	be.	The	juvenil
arthritis	 conference	 is	 also	 a	 great	 way	 to	 meet
other	 juvenile	 arthritis	 specialist	 as	 doctors	 are
invited	to	participate	as	well.
Juvenile	Arthritis	Camps:	The	Kids	Get	Arthritis
Too	 Organisation	 also	 holds	 1	 week	 camps	 for
kids	 who	 suffer	 from	 juvenile	 arthritis.	 These
camps	 are	 normally	 hosted	 during	 the	 summer
and	 are	 for	 both	 kids	 and	 teenagers.	 What	 this
camp	 basically	 does	 is	 that	 it	 helps	 the	 kids
understand	 more	 about	 their	 disease	 and	 their
condition.	 It	 also	 helps	 the	 kids	 to	 grow	 in	 their
self	confidence	as	after	a	long	and	hard	time	of	in
and	 out	 of	 hospitals,	they	 can	find	 it	 hard	to	find
their	self	confidence.	The	camp	can	be	done	as	a
family	camp	or	even	individually	if	the	child	feels
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comfortable	to	 stay	 alone	 at	the	 site.	At	the	 end,
the	camp	owners	hope	that	the	kids	have	created
new	 friends	 and	 lasting	 bonds	 with	 other	 camp
members	who	have	the	same	disease	as	them	or
even	something	different.	Not	all	of	the	camps	are
aimed	just	towards	JIA,	some	camps	can	also	be
focused	 on	 rheumatological	 diseases	 or
something	else.
Racing	For	A	Cure:	The	 racing	for	a	 cure	event
is	hosted	by	the	Cure	Arthritis	Organisation	in	the
month	 of	 July	 which	 is	 considered	 to	 be	 arthritis
awareness	 month.	 Even	 though	 this	 event	 is
considered	 to	 be	 hosted	 by	 Cure	 Arthritis
Organisation,	 they	 also	 consider	 other
organisations	to	take	part	because	they	think	that
it	 could	 help	 raise	 more	 awareness.	 You	 do	 not
have	 to	 run	 if	 you	 want	 to	 participate,	 you	 could
also	 just	 show	 up	 and	 support	 and	 maybe	 even
donate	 as	 this	 event	 is	 a	 public	 event	 meaning
that	 anybody	 can	 participate.	 The	 funds	 for	 this
run	 are	 mainly	 raised	 for	 the	 Arthritis	 National
Research	Foundation	(ANRF).
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Keep	going,	it	gets	better.	And	theres
always	tomorrow.	
McKenzie,	14
It	can	be	hard	to
tell	people	,
especially
friends,	about
arthritis.	I	have
found	that	the
best	way	to	do
this	is	to	be
specific	and	to
talk	about	a	lot	it
in	a	lot	of	detail.	
Rachel,	13
	I’m	not	going	to
lie,	shots	stink!
However,	even
though	there	are
tough	times,
there	are	happy
ones	too.	
Marisa,	14
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Chapter	6:	My	Future	-
Where	we	go	from	Here
Today	 I	 am	 still	 waiting	 for	 my	 pathway
regarding	 treatments.	 We	 are	 confronted	 with	 2
options.	The	first	option	is	to	take	a	research	dru
which	 is	 a	 IL-18	 blocker.	 This	 drug	 is	 a	 research
drug	because	it	has	not	been	tested	on	many	kids
yet	so	it	is	not	out	in	pharmaceutical	markets.	Thi
drug	 was	 created	 because	 scientists	 found	 out
that	 people	 with	 Systemic	 Arthritis	 have	 high	 IL	 -
18	 levels	 in	their	 blood	 so	they	 created	 a	 drug	to
stop	those	levels	from	being	too	high.	This	means
that	 if	 we	 are	 able	 to	 block	 it,	 I	 will	 be	 able	 to
reduce	 my	 medications	 and	 maybe	 even	 letting
the	 disease	 go	 into	 remission	 for	 the	 first	 time
since	 my	 diagnosis.	 The	 other	 option	 is	 to	 do	 a
stem	 cell	 transplant.	 Although	 this	 treatment
option	might	 be	 very	tiring	 and	 aggressive,	 it	 has
shown	to	have	a	95%	success	rate	if	a	9/10	donor
is	found	and	fortunately	we	have	already	found
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and	 fortunately	 we	 have	 already	 found	 one.	 My
family	 and	I	 have	 decided	that	I	will	try	the	IL-18
first	 and	then,	 if	that	 doesnt	work	 into	 putting	th
disease	into	 remission,	we	will	 consider	the	 stem
cell	transplant.	
JIA	makes	you	confront	many	challenges	in
your	 life	 that	 many	 other	 children	 don’t	 have	 to
face.	 One	 of	the	 biggest	 challenges	I	face	 is	the
ability	 to	 have	 energy	 to	 do	 things	 like	 physical
activity	 or	 even	 to	 go	 out	 for	 a	 walk	 as	 the
medicines	make	me	have	anemia.	The	good	thing
is	 that	 over	 time,	 when	 I	 have	 tried	 to	 go	 into
remission,	 the	 medicine	 symptoms	 have
decreased.	Another	challenge	I	face	is	that	I	miss
school	more	often	due	to	more	medical	exams	or
even	 because	 of	 sickness	 as	 the	 medicines
reduce	 my	 immune	 system	 causing	 me	 to	 have
fevers	 very	 frequently.	 Finally,	 one	 of	 the
challenges	 in	 which	 I	 know	 I	 faced	 the	 most	 is
judgment.	People	 at	 school	might	 not	 know	 what
is	 going	 on	 and	 might	 think	 that	 you	 are	 just
missing	 school	 because	 you	 are	 lazy,	 this	 is
where	patience	comes	in	because	you	need	to
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learn	to	keep	your	calm	and	explain.	People	might
also	 judge	 you	 by	 your	 looks	 as	 many	 of	 the
times,	 corticosteroids	 have	 side	 effects	 which
make	 your	 body	 swell	 up	 even	though	 you	might
not	 gain	 weight.	 Over	 time,	 as	 this	 medicine	 is
reduced,	 the	 side	 effects	 will	 also	 go	 away.
Without	 a	 doubt,	most	 parents	think	that	 children
should	 never	 go	 through	 what	 a	 child	 goes
through	 when	 they	 get	 JIA	 but	 parents	 also	 see
that	it	transforms	their	child	in	some	way.
Even	 though	 there	 might	 be	 all	 of	 those
challenges,	benefits	are	also	present	in	the	life	o
a	 child	with	 JIA,	I	 know	that	my	life	has	 changed
to	the	better	in	many	ways.	I,	for	example	spend	a
lot	of	time	in	hospitals	when	the	JIA	inflammation
is	 present,	 it	 normally	 inspires	 me	 to	 try	 new
things	 meaning	 that	 I	 also	 find	 new	 hobbies	 like
cooking,	 writing	 or	 medicine	 in	 my	 case.	 Also,	 it
inspired	me	to	want	to	do	my	best	in	anything	that
I	 need	 to	 do	 or	 am	 assigned	 to	 do	 in	 school.
Finally,	the	benefit	that	I	think	is	the	best	all,	is	the
fact	that	you	learn	how	to	be	patient	with	yourself
and	others.	You	learn	that	not	always	anything	will
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go	your	way	and	that	you	have	to	understand	that
at	 some	 point,	 everything	 will	 be	 OK	 again	 and
that	 there	 is	 a	 light	 at	 the	 end	 of	 the	 tunnel.	 I
learned	 that	 it	 is	 patience	 and	 time	 and	 positive
energy	 in	 which	makes	me	 happy	 and	 also	 what
makes	me	who	I	am	today.
One	of	the	most	important	things	to	keep	in
mind	 is	 that	 your	 doctors	 are	 there	 to	 help	 you
make	decisions	in	what	the	best	treatment	option
would	 be	 for	 you	 but	 in	 the	 end,	 it	 is	 you	 who
makes	the	decision.	Also,	don’t	be	scared	to	give
your	 opinion	 about	 a	 treatment	 to	 your	 doctor,
always	 tell	 them	 the	 truth	 because	 it	 might	 be
important	for	them	to	know	how	you	feel	and	how
you	are	reacting	to	treatment.
Another	 thing	 is	 that	 you	 should	 not	 worry
about	 is	 school.	 Your	 health	 is	 your	 priority,	 not
school	 when	 you	 are	 sick.	 Teachers	 understand
that	 school	 is	 not	 your	 priority	 at	 the	 time	 when
your	 disease	 is	 active	 and	 should	 not	 give	 you	 a
lot	 of	 work.	 However,	 this	 also	 means	 that
whenever	 you	 can,	 try	 your	 best	 because	 in	 the
end	you	might	not	be	able	to	have	as	many
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opportunities	 to	 improve	 your	 grades	 as	 other
students	in	the	school	might	have.
The	 most	 important	 thing	 is	 also	 to	 always
have	 positive	 energy	 around	 you	 and	 that
normally	 comes	 from	 friends	 and	 family.	 You
should	always	keep	in	mind	that	they	are	there	to
help	you	in	every	way,	no	matter	if	it	is	giving	yo
a	shoulder	to	cry	on	or	to	give	an	opinion	in	what
treatment	 to	 take.	 However,	 the	 most	 important
thing	is	for	 you	to	be	 yourself	around	people	 you
like	and	don’t	be	somebody	you	are	not.
Every	 child	 who	 is	 diagnosed	 with	 juvenile
arthritis	 not	 only	 has	 to	 learn	 to	 live	 in	 a
community	 where	 they	 might	 not	 always	 feel
comfortable	 but	 they	 also	 have	 to	 learn	 to	 learn
and	deal	with	themselves.	It’s	important	for	every
kid	 to	 know	 that	 it	 is	 ok	 to	 be	 in	 a	 bad	 mood	 at
times	and	it	is	ok	to	feel	down	and	that	is	one	of
the	hardest	things	to	try	and	understand	because
in	 the	 end	 the	 question	 of	 ‘Why	 me?’	 always
comes	popping	back	into	your	head.	When	a	child
close	 to	 their	 teenage	 years	 is	 diagnosed,	 they
need	to	learn	that	they	are	in	control,	that	they	are
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the	 ones	 who	 define	 who	 they	 will	 become	 and
who	they	want	to	be	and	not	the	disease,	so	they
should	 be	 the	 ones	 allowed	 to	 decide	 what	 path
and	 what	treatment	they	 should	take.	A	 question
that	 always	 stays	 in	 the	 back	 of	 my	 mind	 when
making	 a	 decision	 that	 might	 change	 my	 life	 in
any	 way	 is	 “Will	 I	 let	 my	 past	 define	 me	 or	 do	 I
want	to	think	 about	my	future	 and	 who	I	 want	to
become?”.	This	question	also	links	to	a	quote	that
really	inspired	me	and	that	I	really	think	helps	me
to	 understand	 how	to	 deal	with	things	when	they
get	 hard.	 The	 quote	 is:	 “Yesterday	 is	 history,
tomorrow	is	a	mystery,	but	today	is	a	gift.	That	is
why	 it	 is	 called	 present”	 -	Master	 Oogway	 (Kung
Fu	Panda).	
Since	 I	 have	 bin	 diagnosed	 with	 systemic
JIA,	I	have	been	trying	to	find	out	different	ways	in
which	I	 could	 deal	with	my	feelings	when	I	 could
not	 take	 them	 anymore	 or	 was	 just	 fed	 up	 with
everything.	Of	course,	not	all	of	these	might	work
for	 everybody	 because	 each	 person	 has	 a
different	 personality	 and	 each	 person	 deals	 with
things	in	a	different	way.	The	way	in	which	I	found
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helped	 me	 the	 most	 when	 things	 got	 too
overwhelming	 was	 writing	 a	 diary	 about	 how	 my
day	went	and	what	I	think	at	the	time.	This	helps
me	get	all	of	my	thoughts	out	of	my	head	and	all
of	my	frustrations	of	my	chest.	Another	thing	that
helps	 when	 you	 feel	 overwhelmed	 is	 to	 take	 a
shower	 or	 a	 bath	 alone	 and	 spending	 some	time
thinking	 and	 reflecting.	This	might	mean	that	 you
might	talk	to	 yourself	and	that	is	ok	because	it	is
an	 output	 in	 which	 your	 body	 is	finding	to	 let	 out
stress.	 Sometimes	 even	 crying	 or	 screaming,	 or
even	hitting	something	might	help	to	get	all	of	tha
negative	energy	out	of	the	body.
I	am	not	going	to	lie,	sometimes	I	do	feel	like
giving	up.	My	mind	goes	into	the	mindset	of	why	is
it	worth	it?	I	also	think	a	lot	of	the	time,	why	me
why	 did	 god	 choose	 me?	 What	 did	 I	 ever	 do	 to
deserve	 this?	 Whenever	 I	 feel	 sad	 and	 want	 to
pick	myself	back	up,	I	pamper	myself.	I	find	close
off	one	afternoon	and	that	is	me	day.	No	matter	if	
have	 a	 test	 the	 next	 day	 or	 whatever,	 I	 need	 to
find	a	time	to	relax	and	let	everything	out	because
being	emotionally	unstable	and	keeping
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everything	 inside	 is	 what	 is	 going	 to	 ultimately
break	you	from	what	I	have	learned.	Keep	positive
people	 around,	 people	 who	 are	 your	 true	 friends
and	 people	 that	 will	 support	 you	 through
everything	 and	 will	 never	 judge	 you	 no	 matter
what.
In	the	end,	the	most	important	thing	to	keep
in	 mind	 is	 that,	 everything	 happens	 for	 a	 reason
and	 all	 you	 need	to	 do	 is	 look	forward	 and	 hope
for	the	best	in	the	future	because	there	is	always
a	light	at	the	end	of	the	tunnel.
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Beatriz	was	born	in	Rio	de	Janeiro,	Brazil.	She	was
born	on	August	19th,	2002	and	moved	to	Curitiba,
Brazil	when	she	was	just	10	days	old.	At	the	age	of
5,	 she	 moved	 to	 Miami,	 Florida	 with	 her	 parents
and	studied	in	Alexander	Montessori	School.	Then,
at	the	age	of	6	Beatriz	moved	to	Mexico	City	where
she	attended	Greengates	International	School	until
the	middle	of	5th	grade.	She	then	moved	to	Zurich,
Switzerland	 where	 she	 studied	 at	 the	 Inter
Community	 School	 Zurich	 (ICSZ).	 It	 was	 there
where	 Beatriz	 found	 out	 her	 passion	 for	 medicine
after	 September	 2013	 when	 she	 was	 diagnosed
with	systemic	juvenile	idiopathic	arthritis.
About	The	Author
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    Who Defines Me? A book about SJIA.

    • 3. Who Defines Me? By: Beatriz Peixoto
    • 5. Message This book is dedicated to all of the kids who suffer from JIA. To let you know that you are not alone and that everybody who truly loves you and cares will always care for you and support your final decisions. I also want you to remember that everything is going to be OK and that there is a light at the end of the tunnel. I would like to say a special thanks to: My Mom: Words can not describe how much I love you and how much I thank you for everything you have done in the past few years. I am so grateful to have you in my life and wanted to let you know that you are my hero and that we can get through anything together. I love you mom! My Dad: Thank you for everything you have done. From making me laugh, to writing thousand of emails and paying my bills. We have gone through this journey together and have created a relationship between us which is unbreakable. I love you dad! Rheumatology Team at Kiderspital Zurich: Thank you for all of the patience that you have had with me. You all are very kind and hav helped through all the hard times. Words can not even describe how much I thank you. Keirra: When I was sad, you would pick me back up. You are the most kindhearted people I know and I truly have no idea why you came into this crazy ride along with me. I love you and hope we will always be friends! Cora: Here it is! Thank you for everything and all of your hard work! I truly appreciate it! Mr. Grover: Thank you for all of your support throughout the years. You are the most amazing person I know! You rule! Thank you for everything! Mr. Loughrin: Thank you for helping me write this book and for supporting me in every step of the way.
    • 7. Contents Page Chapter 1: My Journey - A Brief History........................................ Chapter 2: The Basics................ Chapter 3: Symptoms................. Chapter 4: Treatments............... Chapter 5: Organizations and Events........................................ Chapter 6: My Future - Where we go from Here......................... 15 27 33 53 45
    • 8. SJIA made me stronger. It made me want to keep fighting. It motivates me to say, 'I know I can do this.' Haley, Age 19 Having people who appreciate you and support you means everything! Beatriz, 15 Don’t give up. Keep fighting through and don’t let Arthritis stop you. Tess, 16
    • 9. Chapter 1: My Journey - A Brief History I am Beatriz, and I have Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis. Being a child with this condition is not easy in many different aspects but there are always ways in which people support you and give advice, especially in the beginning when the change is a big part of your transition. However, you eventually learn to cope with the disease and see yourself like everybody else. You try and think constantly that you are not different, but the thin you need to learn is that, being different is what makes you special. When a child is diagnosed with JIA, it means that their life will change in some way, no matter if it is big or small, positive or negative. You learn that you will have to face new challenges but you also have to remember that every challenge also comes with a benefit later on, even if you might think that benefit is not that good.
    • 10. For me, it all started in the beginning of September 2013, at the age of 11 when my symptoms started to appear. It first started with a rash on my legs and then quickly progressed to high fevers (40 ) that would always come in the morning and in the evening around the same time. Whenever the fever came, it felt like it was sucking all of the energy out of my body and eventually all I would do is sleep the entire day. After the fever, I started to feel pain, it was so intense that I could not get up from bed or even move on the bed to change the side that I was on. Then, after many days of going to the emergency room, the doctors decided to hospitalize me to find out what was going on. This was what I feared the most because I had never gone through a hospitalization before and it was completely new territory for me. When I was in hospital, the doctors already knew that it was not a virus so antibiotics would not have helped in any way. They knew this because no signs would show up in the blood work only my CRP (C - Reactive Protein) was high. This result shows
    • 11. inflammation signs in the body. By this time I was already on painkillers for me to at least be able t get around. After 7 days in hospital, the doctors found out that I had Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis. As I was 11, a lot of excitement came to mind as I would start my secondary school that same year but then that was quickly shattered when the first few weeks of school I had to spend at home. Once I was out of the hospital, doctors started me on corticosteroids as well as other medicines to reduce the anti - inflammatory drugs side effects. And by the end of September 2013, I already was diagnosed and at home and we started reducing the steroids until February of 2014 when we were able to reach a dose of 2.5mg per day. This was a very good sign and it made the entire family think that the disease had finally gone into remission but that was not the case. By March 2014, the rash started to appear again. The doctors then decided to go up with the corticosteroid dose and start with the
    • 12. 10 methotrexate treatment. Once I was stable, in November 2014, the doctors decided to try again and start to reduce the steroids because it is not good idea to be a long time on steroids as it can cause many side effects. While I was reducing the steroids, I was still taking subcutaneous Methotrexate injections once a week. In December 2014, my fever started to spike up again so the doctors decided to increase the dose of steroids I was taking again. A short time later, in February 2015, I started a new biological called actemra which was an infusion at the hospital once every two weeks. At this time my schedule was pretty easy as I was in grade 7 and did not have a lot of work to do. In the beginning, actemra looked like was going to be the medicine that would work, that was until May 2015 came. May 2015 was one of the most uncomfortable months I had in my entire life. Everything was OK until my body started to have an allergic reaction to the actemra biological that I was taking. Not only that but it was also no longer working. Once my doctor found this out, in June
    • 13. 11 2015 I started the Ilaris which is also known as canakinumab. After spending June, July and part of August with the Ilaris injection, at the end of August 2015, my doctors and I decided to change to the kineret (anakinra). At this time I was taking one injection a day until September 2015 which was when I had my first steroid pulse which lasted for 3 days. In the middle of September 2015, at the age of 13, I did a blood work exam and some of the results did not come out so good so I had to go into hospital again. During this time around in the hospital, I was diagnosed with MAS which is also known as Macrophage Activation Syndrome. After this diagnosis was made I started therapy with cyclosporine straight away as well as doubled the dose of the kineret. Instead of 1 shot, I would tak 2. The doctors also decided to increase the steroids because my inflammation was starting to flare up again. This time of the year was also when I had to make one of the hardest decisions of my life. My body was not well enough for me to do sports and for me to go back being the
    • 14. 12 energetic girl that I always was so with that I had to stop playing football for the school team. However new opportunities were starting to knock on the door, I was offered an exchange to go to Singapore and was also offered a position to help the Varsity Boys Basketball Team. In June 2016, we failed again to reduce the steroids so we resorted back to going to the canakinumab medication. We also changed because my legs were really hurt from taking 2 injections a day. However, in April 2017 we failed to reduce the steroids again so we then decided to go ahead and start the again with the double dose of kineret and steroids even though my experience with it in the past was not very good but this time around, it was not as bad. In the end of May and beginning of July 2017, the kineret was starting to affect my liver functions causing my liver values to go through the roof. When the doctor saw this in my bloodwork, she completely removed the kineret and I was admitted into hospital until my liver values went back to normal. After this phase was
    • 15. 13 over, we never decided on another treatment. Then in the beginning of October 2017, it felt like a miracle had happened. My family was invited to a conference in the United States on Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis that was being hosted by the SJIA Foundation. This was a true blessing because we were able to discuss new treatment methods in the future and also discuss what are the next steps for my treatment.
    • 16. 14 Take the medicine your doctor prescribes and don’t forget to take it. Don’t give up an keep moving. Kaitland, 12 Stay positive and have a heating pad. Daniel, 9 It’s tough and you miss a lot of school but if you stay positive, you get through it. Beatriz, 15
    • 17. 15 Chapter 2: The Basics Arthritis is a disease that is present in the lives of many people in our world today. However not much research is being done on it in terms of what are its causes and why it happens. Arthritis found in children is different from the arthritis found in adults which is what this book will mainly focus on. Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis, also known as JIA, is a chronic illness found in children under the age of 16. A chronic illness means that the conditions persists, there is no cure, only treatments in which will help the symptoms go away and also to improve with your health. Also, it is almost impossible to say how long a person will be ill for when a person has a chronic illness (how long the condition will stay active). Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis is characterized by joint inflammation which leads to pain, swelling and
    • 18. 16 limitation of movement in many children. The word idiopathic in the term means that the cause in why the chronic illness happens is unknown. JIA is a very rare disease to find in children toda but at least 1 - 2 children in every 1,000 have it. it is not really clear why this disease happens. Everybody has an immune system that protects your body from infections. Microbes like viruses and bacterias, are seen as foreign things in your body and your immune system can distinguish them from your own cells and notice that they are different. This releases a signal to your brain for you to create other blood cells so that you can protect yourself. JIA creates an abnormal response from your immune system. Your immune system loses the capacity to distinguish your foreign cells from your healthy-self cells which in the end is what leads to the inflammation, because your body is attacking your own body this is why JIA is defined as an autoimmune disease. However, the mechanisms that cause JIA to occur in a child are actually unknown.
    • 19. 17 Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis is not a very common disease for kids to have so, there is not a lot of research done on it. What scientists have already found out is that this chronic illness is not hereditary. This means that it can not be transferred through genetics or transmitted from parents to the child. As far as research goes to tr and find out how this disease occurs, scientists have gone into thinking that it might be because of exposure to the environment. This means that things like viruses, infections or bacteria can be the reason. Another hypothesis that scientists have been looking at is genetic predisposing factors, this is when there has been a very small change in genetics from you to your parents that may have caused this disease to happen. Diagnosing Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis is an extremely complex diagnosis as there are so many different types of this disease. When doctors are making a diagnosis, they look at many factors like medical history, laboratory tests (blood work) and physical examinations. JIA tends to affect children before the age of 16 and symptoms
    • 20. 18 can last for more than 6 weeks at a time. When trying to diagnose as doctors have to rule out every type of bacteria, virus or infection. In children, it is easier to make an arthritis diagnosis through physical examination as a child normally should not have any pain or joint problems. The exact type of arthritis is only discovered after a clear confirmation that the disease the child has is arthritis. This means that some sort o treatment can start to make the child feel more comfortable and more like themselves. Also, the only way to be able to tell what specific type of Juvenile Arthritis a kid has is to look for medical help (a doctor) as a child would need a physical examination. JIA is a disease that normally targets the synovial membrane which is also known as the inner lining of all of your joints. When inflammation occurs, this lining becomes thicker due to the increase in inflammatory cells and tissues. As there is an increase in those 2 things, it will increase the fluid inside the joint causing swellin pain and also limitation in movement. Most kids
    • 21. 19 with JIA wake up with morning stiffness in their joints as they did not move a lot at night but this usually goes away after 10 - 30 minutes of moving around in the morning. Normally, a child with JIA sleeps with their joints in a semi - flexed positio as it can reduce pain. In the morning however, this can also lead to muscle contraction which is the shortening of the muscle. This can also lead to joint damage which can be defined in 2 ways; the synovial membrane can become too thick, which causes the loss of joint cartilage and bone but thi can only be seen in x - rays. Another damage that it can lead to is muscle atrophy which is the waste or loss of a muscle meaning that your movement would be restricted in some way. JIA normally is distinguished by the number of joints that affects a young child’s body but tha is not always the case as sometimes, the disease does not only attack the joints but also the organs However, it is distinguished by the number of joints affected the child in the first 6 months of diagnosis.If less than 5 joints were affected in th first 6 months of the child's diagnosis with no
    • 22. 20 fever, it is normally called Oligoarticular JIA and if more than 5 joints were affected in the first 6 months with no fever, it is called Polyarticular JIA. Symptoms can also help doctors to diagnose the type of arthritis by the type of rash the child has and how high fever spikes. Systemic JIA is one of the rarer types of JIA found in children as it affects less than 10% of al JIA patients around the world. This is because it i mostly found present in toddlers and preschool children but a child at any age can still get this disease. This type of arthritis is harder to diagnose as organs are also involved and blood work results can be easily manipulated if inflammation from the disease surges. When inflammation occurs, it can happen in your joints as well as your organs like the spleen, liver, lymp nodes, and membranes around the heart (pericarditis) and lungs (pleuritis). Symptoms like a rash and fever come along with the disease but the rash would only be present when the fever is present as well (fever comes in certain periods of time of the day) as well as muscle pain. Half of th
    • 23. 21 Half of the patients diagnosed with systemic JIA have long term prognosis meaning that it will take the disease a long time to go away and the other half, the disease tends to subside. Polyarticular JIA is a type of juvenile arthritis that affects 5 or more joints in the first 6 months of the disease after all of the symptoms are under control. Polyarticular JIA is measured by 2 different blood evaluation in the rheumatoid factor (RF). RF negative is present in 15 - 20% of all polyarticular JIA cases and it can affect a child o any age and also any joint can be affected (big or small). RF positive is more of a rare type of arthritis to see in children as it affects less tha 5% of JIA patients. RF positive is more commonly seen in adults and it normally only affects small joints and it is symmetrical meaning that it would happen to both sides of your body. If Polyarticular JIA is discovered at an early age, the earlier the treatment is in place the better because there is a higher potential of the treatment working, but doctors also have to keep in mind that every child reacts differently to a certain treatment.
    • 24. 22 Another type of JIA is Oligoarticular JIA and this is the most common type of arthritis in children affecting 50% of all of the cases. This type of arthritis can be found in 2 different ways; persistent or extended. When Oligoarticular JIA is persistent, it means that the first joints that wer affected in the first 6 months are the only joints that will be affected throughout the disease and when a child has extended Oligoarticular JIA, it means that the joints can constantly be affected and there is nothing the child can do to stop it bu to try new treatments. This subtype of JIA normally manifests itself before a child reaches the age of 6 and it is also more commonly seen in girls. One way to detect this type of arthritis is by noticing eye complications like anterior uveitis bu in most cases, this problem passes by unnoticed due to the many other problems happening to the child’s body. Psoriatic arthritis is another type of JIA. This type of JIA is associated with psoriasis which is a skin inflammatory disease which causes patches of scaling skin, usually on the elbows and the
    • 25. 23 knees and the elbows are not affected, the nails are affected instead. JIA can be discovered in psoriasis when there is also the swelling of the finger and the toe (dactylitis) or nail pitting. If the arthritis in onset when a child has this type of arthritis, they also have to get their eyes regularly checked as uveitis can occur. This type of arthriti is very tricky to treat as children all over the world have different types of skin meaning that the treatment will vary from person to person but scientist have found out that if the child has Psoriatic arthritis but less than 5 joints affected the child can be treated with the same treatment as a child with oligoarticular arthritis and if mor than 5 joints are affected, the treatment is the same as the one to a child with the polyarticular type of arthritis. Arthritis can also be associated with another disease called enthesitis which most commonly manifests itself in the larger joints of the lower limbs or other places like heels and soles of feet. The enthesitis is the place in which the inflammation occurs causing the person a lot of
    • 26. 24 pain. What scientists have discovered however is that if a family tests positive for a HLA B27 laboratory test, it most likely means that the family has had the predisposition to the disease. This type of arthritis normally does not really affect children under the age of 6 but if a child does have it, doctors do have to be careful as the inflammation can grow out towards the lower spine and affect the sacroiliac joints which will then limit the child’s movement on the back. If a child is affected with this type of pain in their lower back, it is called ankylosing spondylitis. JIA does not only cause problems in the joints and some organs, sometimes it can lead to other types of autoimmune diseases like iridocyclitis which is a type of eye inflammation. This is normally seen in patients diagnosed with IA (intestinal atresia) or a positive ANA test. The ANA is a test taken to find out if a person has an autoimmune disease or not, it is normally done by taking blood from the patient. The link of this to the disease is unknown but even if the arthritis has been said to be remission, the patient should
    • 27. 25 still get regular check up on their eyes as it can relapse at any point (even without inflammation). JIA patients who take cortisone also need to get their eyes regularly checked as the use of steroids can lead to a cataract causing blurry vision and sensitivity to light and also high blood pressure. Arthritis in children is different to arthritis in adults as so many different factors come into place when talking about symptoms and also how it affects a person’s movement. Arthritis has a Rheumatoid Factor (RF) to it. This means that there are certain things that are visible in blood work and others that are not. The difference is that on adults, the RF affects at least 70% of them while it affects less than 5% in kids. This is because as you get older, it is more typical to fin problems in blood work rather than physical exams. However, systemic arthritis is a type of arthritis that can only be diagnosed through blood work.
    • 28. 26 • I feel broken • I feel as though everyone knows I am different • I wonder what it is like to be “normal” without arthritis • I always feel tired and worn out, I wonder what i is like to feel happy and lively like all my friend Jazmin, Age 11 Shots hurt at first but as you get used to it, it starts to stop hurting. If you are doing the shot, you can as them to numb your leg or count to 3 or to whatever number you prefer. Another thing you could ask is t hold their hand and squeeze it. Caroline, 10 Never give up because you are never alone. Laughing and being joyful will always make you believe. Miranda, 17
    • 29. 27 Chapter 3: Symptoms The symptoms of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis are very tricky to detect in many times as they can be thought to be something else and they can also change day to day. There are many different symptoms that can lead to a doctor to a JIA diagnosis on a child but each kid will have different symptoms. Some characteristics of the symptoms of JIA help lead to a diagnosis of a subtype of JIA (a specific type). Doctors normally never diagnose JIA right away as they wait to see if there are patterns in the symptoms which will then help confirm that the disease is really JIA. The symptoms that are most commonly seen in JIA are rashes, fever, eye problems, pain, weight loss or gain, swelling and stiffness. Rash: The most common symptom of JIA is a faint pink rash which can normally be found over the knuckles of your fingers, cheek, nose arms
    • 30. 28 and legs. It does not normally itch and it also tends to come and go either with a fever or fade out throughout some days. The hard thing about detecting a JIA rash is that it can be confused wit an allergic reaction, eczema or poison Ivy. Fever: Another very common symptom that is seen in almost every single case of JIA is fever. The fevers normally tend to go up as high as 40 (104 ) and be very frequent. Sometimes they have a schedule and only come at certain times of day and then leave without any medication but that is normally only in rare cases. Eye Problems: JIA can also be diagnosed through recognizing eye complications in a child such as iritis which is an inflammation in the eye or uveitis which is an inflammation in the middle layer in the eyes. However these are not the only symptoms that the eye can show as a child can all of a sudden start complaining about blurred vision due to light or even pain in the eyes. In some cases, the eye also might even present to have a little redness which many doctors may also confuse as pinkeye.
    • 31. 29 Pain: Arthritis can cause 2 different types of pain. The first type of pain is joint pain which usually will happen after the child has had a long day of activity. The second type of pain is muscle pain which normally presents itself in the morning. The JIA pain can affect your entire body and it can develop slowly over time. The problem with this JIA symptom is that not always pain medication like ibuprofen and acetaminophen work. Weight Loss and Weight Gain: If the child used to be a healthy kid and was not really a picky eater but now is, this could be one of the symptoms of JIA. It all mainly starts of by the child saying that they are not hungry or even just saying they might not like the food. The child's weight would go down increasingly fast and also their energy levels go down. However, it is not only weight loss that can cause the diagnosis but also weight gain and the child is overeating because of the urge of constantly feeling like they are hungry. Swelling: Not all types of arthritis show swelling in the joints however, the skin can also feel hot o
    • 32. 30 warm to the touch. Swelling can also be seen by showing redness on the skin but it is not necessarily a rash. When swelling does actually happen, it usually is one of the strongest symptoms and it happens in bigger joints like hands, feet and knees. Stiffness: Stiffness is one of the symptoms that might come later on after the first few weeks. It i usually present in the morning when the child first wakes up and can get either better or worse throughout the course of the day. You can notice stiffness if the child is holding their joint in th same position or even struggling to perform normal movement like getting up from bed or holding a spoon.
    • 33. 31 Sometimes you will get bullied but that’s ok. You are you. Nothing can break you. If you are in a sad situation, ask someone for help. Angie, 10 I now know that there are other kids like me and that makes me happy. Crystal, 13 My Mom keeps up on everything medical with me. I am lucky it was caught early and nothing will stop me. Drake, 14 Sometimes you will get bullied but that’s ok. You are you. Nothing can break you. If you are in a sad situation, ask someone for help. Angie, 10
    • 34. 32 I was diagnosed with JA in 2009 and life has pretty much been flipped upside down. But my advice to you is to find someone who has JA as well. Because it will most likely be that the stuff that you are going through, they have gone through as well. Anna, 16 When you hurt remember you are not alone. There are many kids who are dealing with the same things. The thing to remember is that arthritis gives you strength. Allie, 16 I've had arthritis now for about a year and here are some things I’ve learned. When you have shots that make you feel sick, usually a cold drink and nausea medicine helps. Also, if you are feeling down and really tired it helps to watch a movie with family and friends or even cuddling with a pet. Emily, 15
    • 35. 33 Chapter 4: Treatments There is no cure for JIA however, there are existing medications and treatments in which help control the symptoms like pain and inflammation which then leads to the improvement in the quality of life of the patient. One thing that has shown significant results in JIA is that the earlier you start a treatment, the higher the chances are that the child will go into remission. JIA has many differen types of treatment as a certain treatment might work for one child but might not work for the other When treating JIA, what doctors try to do to make the immune system more relaxed so that it does not attack the good cells of your body which is what would have been causing the inflammation. However, making your immune system more relaxed, it means that the risks for infections and viruses increase because your defense system is not as good.
    • 36. 34 When a child first receives the diagnosis of JIA, the doctor will probably prescribe medication to manage the symptoms. Further treatment would then be discussed. In the beginning, the objective is to hit the disease hard so that all inflammation signs go down and to prevent any further damage to happen. Next, further discussion about what treatment will take place has to be done to try and prevent the disease from progressing because it can cause the destruction of the child's joints, bones, cartilages, and soft tissues like muscles, tendons and joint capsules. Most of the time, the medication the child has to take will be given in a pill form. NSAIDs is one of the treatments most commonly used when first diagnosing JIA. NSAID stands for non - steroidal anti inflammatory drugs. What this treatment basically does is that it relieves the inflammation symptoms in your body (anti - inflammatory part of drug). It also works a an antipyretic which is what helps keep fevers down. The only down side to NSAIDs is that they can not induce remission to the disease, it can
    • 37. 35 only control it. Other more inexpensive drugs like ibuprofen or naproxen are not used as much today as they have a high risk of toxicity which can cause liver toxicity and high blood levels. When a patient has oligoarticular arthritis and have one or more joints affected, the treatment option they would go for is joint injections. This is because it will relieve the pai and allow them to move a lot better as when they have a large amount of inflammation in the joint, i restricts their movement quite a bit. The injection is a long acting corticosteroid preparation which i injected in a place with local anesthesia. This typ of treatment can be repeated more than once but it is not recommended that a child does it more than 3 times in 1 year. Joint injections are also used as a combination with other treatments in JIA like bridging agents as they can achieve rapid improvements in a short period of time. When a child shows to have a severe or a progressive case of polyarthritis, it is recommended that they take a second level drug alongside their NSAID therapy. However, these
    • 38. 36 second level drugs only show results after several weeks or months of use. One of the most popular second level drug is called methotrexate which is the first choice in which doctors go to if they see that other JIA treatments are not working. It is a medication that has now been used for several years and it is easy to monitor as the patient only has to take it 1x per week and also safe to use as the history of the drugs effectiveness has progressed throughout the years. The maximum effective dose is 15mg and this is either given in oral form (a pill) or in a subcutaneous injection. Methotrexate is normally the first option of a second level drug for a patient with polyarticular JIA but it has proven to be effective with other types of arthritis as well mainly because of it’s anti - inflammatory characteristics. One interesting thing about this drug is that in some cases, it has shown to reduce the disease progression however, scientist do not know the reason why this is. When taking methotrexate, patients do have to make laboratory examinations very
    • 39. 37 regularly as the drug could cause some liver function problems. By combining another drug called folic acid with methotrexate, it reduces the risks of side effects on the liver making the medication even more successful for JIA patients. An alternative to methotrexate is a medication called leflunomide which is similar to methotrexate but it is only given to children if it is proven that the methotrexate is not working or the child can not tolerate it (if they are taking subcutaneous injections). Leflunomide is given orally and the treatment efficiency has been proven but the medication shows to be more expensive than methotrexate. Other medications like salazopyrin or cyclosporine are used as non - biologic drugs to treat JIA even though not as much study has been done about it. This treatment today is not used as much as the experience is more limited because not many people have used it. Also, countries in which have access to biologic agents also prefer not to go forward with this treatment as other treatments can show to be more effective. When
    • 40. 38 When cyclosporine treatment is decided to be put to the test, it is normally used with patients diagnosed with systemic JIA and the medication would be used along with corticosteroids. This medication is normally only used when the patient has macrophage activation syndrome which is a life threatening complication of systemic JIA. Corticosteroids are one of the most effective anti-inflammatory drug in JIA as well as in other diseases however, it is very limited because of its long-term side effects like stunted growth or even osteoporosis which is when the bone is in a very fragile condition. The drug is known to treat the systemic symptoms that resist to other JIA therapies. Corticosteroids today is being used more as a “bridge” drug to control acute diseases while the doctors wait until the second level drug to take effect. However, corticosteroids can also be used alone before tying it alongside a second level drug. The newest group of drugs introduced to JIA are called biologic agents and they are drugs with biologic engineering that help to block the
    • 41. 39 inflammatory process of JIA. What is different about these drugs compared to other JIA drugs is that they are not directed to a specific molecule, they are directed overall to stop the entire process. As these drugs are relatively knew, a final conclusion as to if they are successful or no has not yet been made and scientists have said that some modifications to the drugs might also have to take place. A list of drugs that are also relatively new to JIA are anti - TNF drugs. These drugs are used to block the TNF which are supposedly the mediators of the inflammatory process. They can be used alone or alongside methotrexate. Since the start of their usage in treatment for JIA, they have shown success however, the long-term side effects are still unknown as these drugs have just started to be put to the test. So far there are 3 drugs that have been approved. The first drug option is a subcutaneous injection 1 - 2 times a week called Etanercept. The second drug option is also a subcutaneous that has to be taken 2 times a week called adalimumab. Finally, the third
    • 42. 40 Finally, the third drug that has been approved for JIA is infliximab which is an intravenous infusion once a month. Currently, there are 2 other medications that are under study which are called golimumab and certolizumab pegol. All of these can be used to treat JIA but these drugs have not showed as strong as an effect with patients with oligoarthritis but have shown effect in decreasing symptoms. Abatacept is the name of another medication to treat arthritis. It can also be known as Anti CTL4lg. This medication is directed to a specific type of white blood cell called T lymphocytes. Today, this treatment is only being used with children that have polyarthritis and have not responded well to methotrexate or biologic agents. A treatment that also exists but is normally only used to treat patients with systemic JIA is anti interleukin 1 and anti interleukin 6. However, these treatments are only put to trial when the patient with systemic JIA has already tried other treatments like corticosteroids and methotrexate.
    • 43. 41 When looking at anti interleukin 1, there are 2 different medications, anakinra and canakinumab. These two medications are both subcutaneous injections that help treat systemic manifestation like fever and also help to treat arthritis. Tocilizumab is the name of the medication for the anti interleukin 6. This medication is also used in patients with polyarticular JIA if the patient show no response to biologic agents or methotrexate. Surgery is rarely used as a way to treat JIA as there is not really much you can do. It can be used as a method to fix damage made from the arthritis with things like replacing a damaged join or even to straighten a bent or a deformed muscle but it is never used as a form of treatment. If the JIA has made the child get an eye problem due to the disease itself or also as a side effect on any of the medicines, treatments and cures can be offered. If the child has uveitis, it will have to be accompanied by an ophthalmologist over a period of time. If the patient has a side effect (like a cataract), the patient can easily ge surgery to repair it but, keep in mind that in orde
    • 44. 42 to do this, the patient has to be in remission. Dental care is important as well when looking at JIA because one of the joints that can be affected is the jaw joint. The child may feel pain and stiffness. This is because treatments from JIA can alter the growth of the joint making i smaller than it should. If this is the case, the child will have to experience more dental visits as some solution might be offered from the dentist himself. Splints can also be used in JIA as a way of helping the child to cope, they are mainly used in the joints that are most active throughout the day like knees, wrists and fingers. Physiotherapy might also be recommended to try and add flexibility to some joints so that they can bend better as well as help with muscle shortening and balance problems. When your doctor has told you or any other patient that their JIA is in remission, what they mean is that the disease is no longer active at the time in the child’s body. When a doctor says this, usually means that you are showing the signs that the American College of Rheumatology (ACR)
    • 45. 43 have declared as signs of remission. The signs are that all the patients blood work has gone back to normal as well as their blood pressure. The patient should also feel back to themselves , so things like fatigue, and joint pain would still be signs that there is still some activation in your system. If the doctor has said you are in remission, physical appointments as well as blood work appointments might start to space out a little bit more.
    • 46. 44 My advice to you is not to be ashamed / embarrassed of having arthritis. Once you feel like you can talk about it, it gets easier to deal with those who don’t understand. Some people don’t understand and you need to teach them. Just remember to have patience. Katherine, 15 If you have arthritis, go swimming because it is fun and good for you. Siniya, 9 When I exersiz it helps me feel happy. Leigha, 9
    • 47. 45 Chapter 5: Organisations and Events There are many organisations around the world that exist today to raise awareness for both juvenile arthritis and arthritis but these are not recognised the way they should be mainly due to the lack of awareness and spreading the word. These organisation try and do many things to support people who suffer from arthritis. They host events like camps or even conferences so that people can talk more about the disease and raise awareness. Below are some organisations and some events that have been hosted in the past to raise awareness towards arthritis. Kids Get Arthritis Too Organisation: This organisation is possibly the most famous juvenile arthritis awareness organisation in the world. They are in link with the Arthritis Foundation who are actually their founders. This organisation was founded in 1948 because of the lack of research
    • 48. 46 done on arthritis (for both children and adults). This organisation is considered to be the leader organisation of the arthritis community as it is th biggest one. Kids Get Arthritis Too is a non - profit organisation and their mission statement is “We exist to conquer arthritis. We are the champions of Yes”. The Kids Get Arthritis Too Organisations host many events like camps for kids as well as arthritis conferences. The website helps inform kids about their disease and also share other kids stories and how they dealt with the disease. As this organisation is also linked to the arthritis foundation, it is also worth knowing that they are the publishers of the award winning magazine arthritis today which has more than 4.2 million subscribers to it. The Kids Get Arthritis Too Organisation is an organisation where you can see it offers support even through the hard times. Juvenile Arthritis Association: Founded in 2012, the Juvenile Arthritis Association is one of the newest organisations to join the fight in raising awareness. It is a non - profit organisation mainly dedicating their time funding research towards
    • 49. 47 finding a cure or a more convincing treatment for juvenile arthritis. Their main focus is CARE (Community, Awareness, Research, Empowerment), this is their motto and what they strive to do. As this is a relatively new organisation, not much involvement has been done but things like having an informative website and a good support base are what starts of a successful organisation. The Juvenile Arthritis Association are currently having a public service announcement campaign to try and see if it raises more awareness. The role of empowerment in this association is very important to them and is also one of their main priorities as they try and help kids to not be scared of their disease and to inspire them to do what they want to do and not let the disease stop them. The Juvenile Arthritis Association is a community where you can tell that everyone supports each other. Cure Arthritis Organisation: The Cure Arthritis Organisation was created in 1952 to raise awareness about arthritis and to raise funds for research. Today it is the second biggest arthritis
    • 50. 48 awareness organisation in the world that is non - profit. The organisation mainly focuses on Juvenile Arthritis as the people from within the organisation see that more progress needs to be done around that area instead of only just focusing on adult arthritis. This organisation mainly raises money through events in which sometimes they try and collaborate with the Arthritis Foundation Organisation. However, this organisation also raises awareness with their own events that they host like the racing for a cure event which you can read more about later on in this chapter. Systemic JIA Organisation: The Systemic JIA organisation was founded in 2014 by parents who have a kid that is diagnosed with JIA. They are a non - profit organisation which is mainly based in the United states. Their mission statement is that they want to find a cure for Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (SJIA), a serious and sometimes lethal childhood disease. This organisation not only gives support to many parent through their Facebook group and
    • 51. 49 conferences but they also help to inform other parents on clinical trials and how effective new research medicines are towards SJIA. Arthritis Awareness Month: Arthritis awareness month is celebrated every year in the month of July all over the world. June is arthritis awarenes month for the elderly in the united states while in July it is for both juvenile and elderly arthritis all over the world. Arthritis awareness month is not very advertised all over the world. An estimate of about 300,000 people in the US try and raise awareness but without the contribution of many people, there is not really a way in which people could spread the word quickly. In this month is when organisations take most of their time to organise events to try and raise funds. The raising of these funds is done through walks, donations or even volunteer work. Other countries in the world also celebrate arthritis awareness month in May but it is also not very advertised. Juvenile Arthritis Conference: The juvenile arthritis conference is hosted every year by the Kids Get Arthritis Too Organisation which is linked
    • 52. 50 to the Arthritis Foundation. The objective of this conference is to let families bond and also let them share what they have gone through. There have been more than 24,800 families that have participated in this 4 day conference in the past 3 years. Parents think that it is a great opportunity to trade ideas with other families on what the best treatment option for the child will be. The juvenil arthritis conference is also a great way to meet other juvenile arthritis specialist as doctors are invited to participate as well. Juvenile Arthritis Camps: The Kids Get Arthritis Too Organisation also holds 1 week camps for kids who suffer from juvenile arthritis. These camps are normally hosted during the summer and are for both kids and teenagers. What this camp basically does is that it helps the kids understand more about their disease and their condition. It also helps the kids to grow in their self confidence as after a long and hard time of in and out of hospitals, they can find it hard to find their self confidence. The camp can be done as a family camp or even individually if the child feels
    • 53. 51 comfortable to stay alone at the site. At the end, the camp owners hope that the kids have created new friends and lasting bonds with other camp members who have the same disease as them or even something different. Not all of the camps are aimed just towards JIA, some camps can also be focused on rheumatological diseases or something else. Racing For A Cure: The racing for a cure event is hosted by the Cure Arthritis Organisation in the month of July which is considered to be arthritis awareness month. Even though this event is considered to be hosted by Cure Arthritis Organisation, they also consider other organisations to take part because they think that it could help raise more awareness. You do not have to run if you want to participate, you could also just show up and support and maybe even donate as this event is a public event meaning that anybody can participate. The funds for this run are mainly raised for the Arthritis National Research Foundation (ANRF).
    • 54. 52 Keep going, it gets better. And theres always tomorrow. McKenzie, 14 It can be hard to tell people , especially friends, about arthritis. I have found that the best way to do this is to be specific and to talk about a lot it in a lot of detail. Rachel, 13 I’m not going to lie, shots stink! However, even though there are tough times, there are happy ones too. Marisa, 14
    • 55. 53 Chapter 6: My Future - Where we go from Here Today I am still waiting for my pathway regarding treatments. We are confronted with 2 options. The first option is to take a research dru which is a IL-18 blocker. This drug is a research drug because it has not been tested on many kids yet so it is not out in pharmaceutical markets. Thi drug was created because scientists found out that people with Systemic Arthritis have high IL - 18 levels in their blood so they created a drug to stop those levels from being too high. This means that if we are able to block it, I will be able to reduce my medications and maybe even letting the disease go into remission for the first time since my diagnosis. The other option is to do a stem cell transplant. Although this treatment option might be very tiring and aggressive, it has shown to have a 95% success rate if a 9/10 donor is found and fortunately we have already found
    • 56. 54 and fortunately we have already found one. My family and I have decided that I will try the IL-18 first and then, if that doesnt work into putting th disease into remission, we will consider the stem cell transplant. JIA makes you confront many challenges in your life that many other children don’t have to face. One of the biggest challenges I face is the ability to have energy to do things like physical activity or even to go out for a walk as the medicines make me have anemia. The good thing is that over time, when I have tried to go into remission, the medicine symptoms have decreased. Another challenge I face is that I miss school more often due to more medical exams or even because of sickness as the medicines reduce my immune system causing me to have fevers very frequently. Finally, one of the challenges in which I know I faced the most is judgment. People at school might not know what is going on and might think that you are just missing school because you are lazy, this is where patience comes in because you need to
    • 57. 55 learn to keep your calm and explain. People might also judge you by your looks as many of the times, corticosteroids have side effects which make your body swell up even though you might not gain weight. Over time, as this medicine is reduced, the side effects will also go away. Without a doubt, most parents think that children should never go through what a child goes through when they get JIA but parents also see that it transforms their child in some way. Even though there might be all of those challenges, benefits are also present in the life o a child with JIA, I know that my life has changed to the better in many ways. I, for example spend a lot of time in hospitals when the JIA inflammation is present, it normally inspires me to try new things meaning that I also find new hobbies like cooking, writing or medicine in my case. Also, it inspired me to want to do my best in anything that I need to do or am assigned to do in school. Finally, the benefit that I think is the best all, is the fact that you learn how to be patient with yourself and others. You learn that not always anything will
    • 58. 56 go your way and that you have to understand that at some point, everything will be OK again and that there is a light at the end of the tunnel. I learned that it is patience and time and positive energy in which makes me happy and also what makes me who I am today. One of the most important things to keep in mind is that your doctors are there to help you make decisions in what the best treatment option would be for you but in the end, it is you who makes the decision. Also, don’t be scared to give your opinion about a treatment to your doctor, always tell them the truth because it might be important for them to know how you feel and how you are reacting to treatment. Another thing is that you should not worry about is school. Your health is your priority, not school when you are sick. Teachers understand that school is not your priority at the time when your disease is active and should not give you a lot of work. However, this also means that whenever you can, try your best because in the end you might not be able to have as many
    • 59. 57 opportunities to improve your grades as other students in the school might have. The most important thing is also to always have positive energy around you and that normally comes from friends and family. You should always keep in mind that they are there to help you in every way, no matter if it is giving yo a shoulder to cry on or to give an opinion in what treatment to take. However, the most important thing is for you to be yourself around people you like and don’t be somebody you are not. Every child who is diagnosed with juvenile arthritis not only has to learn to live in a community where they might not always feel comfortable but they also have to learn to learn and deal with themselves. It’s important for every kid to know that it is ok to be in a bad mood at times and it is ok to feel down and that is one of the hardest things to try and understand because in the end the question of ‘Why me?’ always comes popping back into your head. When a child close to their teenage years is diagnosed, they need to learn that they are in control, that they are
    • 60. 58 the ones who define who they will become and who they want to be and not the disease, so they should be the ones allowed to decide what path and what treatment they should take. A question that always stays in the back of my mind when making a decision that might change my life in any way is “Will I let my past define me or do I want to think about my future and who I want to become?”. This question also links to a quote that really inspired me and that I really think helps me to understand how to deal with things when they get hard. The quote is: “Yesterday is history, tomorrow is a mystery, but today is a gift. That is why it is called present” - Master Oogway (Kung Fu Panda). Since I have bin diagnosed with systemic JIA, I have been trying to find out different ways in which I could deal with my feelings when I could not take them anymore or was just fed up with everything. Of course, not all of these might work for everybody because each person has a different personality and each person deals with things in a different way. The way in which I found
    • 61. 59 helped me the most when things got too overwhelming was writing a diary about how my day went and what I think at the time. This helps me get all of my thoughts out of my head and all of my frustrations of my chest. Another thing that helps when you feel overwhelmed is to take a shower or a bath alone and spending some time thinking and reflecting. This might mean that you might talk to yourself and that is ok because it is an output in which your body is finding to let out stress. Sometimes even crying or screaming, or even hitting something might help to get all of tha negative energy out of the body. I am not going to lie, sometimes I do feel like giving up. My mind goes into the mindset of why is it worth it? I also think a lot of the time, why me why did god choose me? What did I ever do to deserve this? Whenever I feel sad and want to pick myself back up, I pamper myself. I find close off one afternoon and that is me day. No matter if have a test the next day or whatever, I need to find a time to relax and let everything out because being emotionally unstable and keeping
    • 62. 60 everything inside is what is going to ultimately break you from what I have learned. Keep positive people around, people who are your true friends and people that will support you through everything and will never judge you no matter what. In the end, the most important thing to keep in mind is that, everything happens for a reason and all you need to do is look forward and hope for the best in the future because there is always a light at the end of the tunnel.
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    • 65. 63 Beatriz was born in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. She was born on August 19th, 2002 and moved to Curitiba, Brazil when she was just 10 days old. At the age of 5, she moved to Miami, Florida with her parents and studied in Alexander Montessori School. Then, at the age of 6 Beatriz moved to Mexico City where she attended Greengates International School until the middle of 5th grade. She then moved to Zurich, Switzerland where she studied at the Inter Community School Zurich (ICSZ). It was there where Beatriz found out her passion for medicine after September 2013 when she was diagnosed with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis. About The Author


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